This saves code space in builds which use link-time optimization.
The optimization drops the untranslated strings and replaces them
with a compressed_string_t struct. It can then be decompressed to
a c string.
Builds without LTO work as well but include both untranslated
strings and compressed strings.
This work could be expanded to include QSTRs and loaded strings if
a compress method is added to C. Its tracked in #531.
Imports generate a lot of garbage so cleaning it up immediately
reduces the likelihood longer lived data structures don't end up in
the middle of the heap.
Fixes#856
The existing mp_get_stream_raise() helper does explicit checks that the
input object is a real pointer object, has a non-NULL stream protocol, and
has the desired stream C method (read/write/ioctl). In most cases it is
not necessary to do these checks because it is guaranteed that the input
object has the stream protocol and desired C methods. For example, native
objects that use the stream wrappers (eg mp_stream_readinto_obj) in their
locals dict always have the stream protocol (or else they shouldn't have
these wrappers in their locals dict).
This patch introduces an efficient mp_get_stream() which doesn't do any
checks and just extracts the stream protocol struct. This should be used
in all cases where the argument object is known to be a stream. The
existing mp_get_stream_raise() should be used primarily to verify that an
object does have the correct stream protocol methods.
All uses of mp_get_stream_raise() in py/stream.c have been converted to use
mp_get_stream() because the argument is guaranteed to be a proper stream
object.
This patch improves efficiency of stream operations and reduces code size.
This patch changes dupterm to call the native C stream methods on the
connected stream objects, instead of calling the Python readinto/write
methods. This is much more efficient for native stream objects like UART
and webrepl and doesn't require allocating a special dupterm array.
This change is a minor breaking change from the user's perspective because
dupterm no longer accepts pure user stream objects to duplicate on. But
with the recent addition of uio.IOBase it is possible to still create such
classes just by inheriting from uio.IOBase, for example:
import uio, uos
class MyStream(uio.IOBase):
def write(self, buf):
# existing write implementation
def readinto(self, buf):
# existing readinto implementation
uos.dupterm(MyStream())
Via the config value MICROPY_PY_UHASHLIB_SHA256. Default to enabled to
keep backwards compatibility.
Also add default value for the sha1 class, to at least document its
existence.
A user class derived from IOBase and implementing readinto/write/ioctl can
now be used anywhere a native stream object is accepted.
The mapping from C to Python is:
stream_p->read --> readinto(buf)
stream_p->write --> write(buf)
stream_p->ioctl --> ioctl(request, arg)
Among other things it allows the user to:
- create an object which can be passed as the file argument to print:
print(..., file=myobj), and then print will pass all the data to the
object via the objects write method (same as CPython)
- pass a user object to uio.BufferedWriter to buffer the writes (same as
CPython)
- use select.select on a user object
- register user objects with select.poll, in particular so user objects can
be used with uasyncio
- create user files that can be returned from user filesystems, and import
can import scripts from these user files
For example:
class MyOut(io.IOBase):
def write(self, buf):
print('write', repr(buf))
return len(buf)
print('hello', file=MyOut())
The feature is enabled via MICROPY_PY_IO_IOBASE which is disabled by
default.
This patch adds the gc_sweep_all() function which does a garbage collection
without tracing any root pointers, so frees all the memory, and most
importantly runs any remaining finalisers.
This helps primarily for soft reset: it will close any open files, any open
sockets, and help to get the system back to a clean state upon soft reset.
This patch is a code optimisation, trading text bytes for speed. On
pyboard it's an increase of 0.06% in code size for a gain (in pystone
performance) of roughly 6.5%.
The patch optimises load/store/delete of attributes in user defined classes
by not looking up special accessors (@property, __get__, __delete__,
__set__, __setattr__ and __getattr_) if they are guaranteed not to exist in
the class.
Currently, if you do my_obj.foo() then the runtime has to do a few checks
to see if foo is a property or has __get__, and if so delegate the call.
And for stores things like my_obj.foo = 1 has to first check if foo is a
property or has __set__ defined on it.
Doing all those checks each and every time the attribute is accessed has a
performance penalty. This patch eliminates all those checks for cases when
it's guaranteed that the checks will always fail, ie no attributes are
properties nor have any special accessor methods defined on them.
To make this guarantee it checks all attributes of a user-defined class
when it is first created. If any of the attributes of the user class are
properties or have special accessors, or any of the base classes of the
user class have them, then it sets a flag in the class to indicate that
special accessors must be checked for. Then in the load/store/delete code
it checks this flag to see if it can take the shortcut and optimise the
lookup.
It's an optimisation that's pretty widely applicable because it improves
lookup performance for all methods of user defined classes, and stores of
attributes, at least for those that don't have special accessors. And, it
allows to enable descriptors with minimal additional runtime overhead if
they are not used for a particular user class.
There is one restriction on dynamic class creation that has been introduced
by this patch: a user-defined class cannot go from zero special accessors
to one special accessor (or more) after that class has been subclassed. If
the script attempts this an AttributeError is raised (see addition to
tests/misc/non_compliant.py for an example of this case).
The cost in code space bytes for the optimisation in this patch is:
unix x64: +528
unix nanbox: +508
stm32: +192
cc3200: +200
esp8266: +332
esp32: +244
Performance tests that were done:
- on unix x86-64, pystone improved by about 5%
- on pyboard, pystone improved by about 6.5%, from 1683 up to 1794
- on pyboard, bm_chaos (from CPython benchmark suite) improved by about 5%
- on esp32, pystone improved by about 30% (but there are caching effects)
- on esp32, bm_chaos improved by about 11%
This VFS component allows to mount a host POSIX filesystem within the uPy
VFS sub-system. All traditional POSIX file access then goes through the
VFS, allowing to sandbox a uPy process to a certain sub-dir of the host
system, as well as mount other filesystem types alongside the host
filesystem.
Since a long time now, mp_obj_type_t no longer refers explicitly to
mp_stream_p_t but rather to an abstract "const void *protocol". So there's
no longer any need to define mp_stream_p_t in obj.h and it can go with all
its associated definitions in stream.h. Pretty much all users of this type
will already include the stream header.
We can provide a basic version of mp_errno_to_str even if the uerrno
module won't be provided. Rather than looking errno names up in the
uerrno module's globals dict, we'll just rely on a simple mapping in the
function itself.
The code_state.old_globals variable is there to save the globals state so
should be used for this purpose, to avoid the need for additional local
variables on the C stack.
Without this, if GC threshold is hit and there is not enough memory left to
satisfy the request, gc_collect() will run a second time and the search for
memory will happen again and will fail again.
Thanks to @adritium for pointing out this issue, see #3786.
Under ubsan, when evaluating hash(-0.) the following diagnostic occurs:
../../py/objfloat.c:102:15: runtime error: negation of
-9223372036854775808 cannot be represented in type 'mp_int_t' (aka
'long'); cast to an unsigned type to negate this value to itself
So do just that, to tell the compiler that we want to perform this
operation using modulo arithmetic rules.
Before this, ubsan would detect a problem when executing
hash(006699999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999)
../../py/mpz.c:1539:20: runtime error: left shift of 1067371580458 by
32 places cannot be represented in type 'mp_int_t' (aka 'long')
When the overflow does occur it now happens as defined by the rules of
unsigned arithmetic.
When computing e.g. hash(0.4e3) with ubsan enabled, a diagnostic like the
following would occur:
../../py/objfloat.c:91:30: runtime error: shift exponent 44 is too
large for 32-bit type 'int'
By casting constant "1" to the right type the intended value is preserved.
Fuzz testing combined with the undefined behavior sanitizer found that
parsing unreasonable float literals like 1e+9999999999999 resulted in
undefined behavior due to overflow in signed integer arithmetic, and a
wrong result being returned.
There is no need to use the mp_int_t type which may be 64-bits wide, there
is enough bit-width in a normal int to parse reasonable exponents. Using
int helps to reduce code size for 64-bit ports, especially nan-boxing
builds. (Similarly for the "dig" variable which is now an unsigned int.)
Calling memset(NULL, value, 0) is not standards compliant so we must add an
explicit check that emit->label_offsets is indeed not NULL before calling
memset (this pointer will be NULL on the first pass of the parse tree and
it's more logical / safer to check this pointer rather than check that the
pass is not the first one).
Code sanitizers will warn if NULL is passed as the first value to memset,
and compilers may optimise the code based on the knowledge that any pointer
passed to memset is guaranteed not to be NULL.
Before this patch:
>>> print(')
... ')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
After this patch:
>>> print(')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
This matches CPython and prevents getting stuck in REPL continuation when a
1-quote is unmatched.
Before this patch, when using the switch statement for dispatch in the VM
(not computed goto) a pending exception check was done after each opcode.
This is not necessary and this patch makes the pending exception check only
happen when explicitly requested by certain opcodes, like jump. This
improves performance of the VM by about 2.5% when using the switch.
This patch fixes the macro so you can pass any name in, and the macro will
make more sense if you're reading it on its own. It worked previously
because n_state is always passed in as n_state_out_var.
gcc 8.0 supports the naked attribute for x86 systems so it can now be used
here. And in fact it is necessary to use this for nlr_push because gcc 8.0
no longer generates a prelude for this function (even without the naked
attribute).
This patch moves the start of the root pointer section in mp_state_ctx_t
so that it skips entries that are not pointers and don't need scanning.
Previously, the start of the root pointer section was at the very beginning
of the mp_state_ctx_t struct (which is the beginning of mp_state_thread_t).
This was the original assembler version of the NLR code was hard-coded to
have the nlr_top pointer at the start of this state structure. But now
that the NLR code is partially written in C there is no longer this
restriction on the location of nlr_top (and a comment to this effect has
been removed in this patch).
So now the root pointer section starts part way through the
mp_state_thread_t structure, after the entries which are not root pointers.
This patch also moves the non-pointer entries for MICROPY_ENABLE_SCHEDULER
outside the root pointer section.
Moving non-pointer entries out of the root pointer section helps to make
the GC more precise and should help to prevent some cases of collectable
garbage being kept.
This patch also has a measurable improvement in performance of the
pystone.py benchmark: on unix x86-64 and stm32 there was an improvement of
roughly 0.6% (tested with both gcc 7.3 and gcc 8.1).
This patch changes 2 things in the endianness detection:
1. Don't assume that __BYTE_ORDER__ not being __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__ means
that the machine is big endian, so add an explicit check that this macro
is indeed __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__ (same with __BYTE_ORDER, __LITTLE_ENDIAN
and __BIG_ENDIAN). A machine could have PDP endianness.
2. Remove the checks which base their autodetection decision on whether any
little or big endian macros are defined (eg __LITTLE_ENDIAN__ or
__BIG_ENDIAN__). Just because a system defines these does not mean it
has that endianness.
See issue #3760.
For cases where size_t is smaller than mp_int_t (eg nan-boxing builds) the
difference between two size_t's is not sign extended into mp_int_t and so
the result is never negative. This patch fixes this bug by using ssize_t
for the type of the result.
This gives dir() better behaviour when listing the attributes of a user
type that defines __getattr__: it will now not list those attributes for
which __getattr__ raises AttributeError (meaning the attribute is not
supported by the object).
This patch fixes the possibility of a crash of the REPL when tab-completing
an object which raises an exception when its attributes are accessed.
See issue #3729.
This new helper function acts like mp_load_method_maybe but is wrapped in
an NLR handler so it can catch exceptions. It prevents AttributeError from
propagating out, and optionally all other exceptions. This helper can be
used to fully implement hasattr (see follow-up commit), and also for cases
where mp_load_method_maybe is used but it must now raise an exception.
the py/makeversionhdr.py script was looking for `conf.py` in the
`docs/` directory, but this was relocated in 46e7f8e. This is used by
the fallback `get_version_info_from_docs_conf` method, which is only
consulted if `git` is unavailable in the build environment.
Closes#791.
This is a more consistent use of errno codes. For example, it may be that
a stream returns MP_EAGAIN but the mp_is_nonblocking_error() macro doesn't
catch this value because it checks for EAGAIN instead (which may have a
different value than MP_EAGAIN when MICROPY_USE_INTERNAL_ERRNO is enabled).
Most modern systems have EWOULDBLOCK aliased to EAGAIN, ie they have the
same value. But some systems use different values for these errnos and if
a uPy port is using the system errno values (ie not the internal uPy
values) then it's important to be able to distinguish EWOULDBLOCK from
EAGAIN. Eg if a system call returned EWOULDBLOCK it must be possible to
check for this return value, and this patch makes this now possible.
Instead of emitnative.c having configuration code for each supported
architecture, and then compiling this file multiple times with different
macros defined, this patch adds a file per architecture with the necessary
code to configure the native emitter. These files then #include the
emitnative.c file.
This simplifies emitnative.c (which is already very large), and simplifies
the build system because emitnative.c no longer needs special handling for
compilation and qstr extraction.
This patch moves the implementation of stream closure from a dedicated
method to the ioctl of the stream protocol, for each type that implements
closing. The benefits of this are:
1. Rounds out the stream ioctl function, which already includes flush,
seek and poll (among other things).
2. Makes calling mp_stream_close() on an object slightly more efficient
because it now no longer needs to lookup the close method and call it,
rather it just delegates straight to the ioctl function (if it exists).
3. Reduces code size and allows future types that implement the stream
protocol to be smaller because they don't need a dedicated close method.
Code size reduction is around 200 bytes smaller for x86 archs and around
30 bytes smaller for the bare-metal archs.
The LHS passed to mp_obj_int_binary_op() will always be an integer, either
a small int or a big int, so the test for this type doesn't need to include
an "other, unsupported type" case.
Without the compiler enabled the mp_optimise_value is unused, and the
micropython.opt_level() function is not useful, so exclude these from the
build to save RAM and code size.
When pystack is enabled mp_obj_fun_bc_prepare_codestate() will always
return a valid pointer, and if there is no more pystack available then it
will raise an exception (a RuntimeError). So having pystack enabled with
stackless enabled automatically gives strict stackless mode. There is
therefore no need to have code for strict stackless mode when pystack is
enabled, and this patch optimises the VM for such a case.
The VM expects that, if mp_resume() returns MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION, then
the returned value is an exception instance (eg to add a traceback to it).
It's possible that a value passed to a generator's throw() is not an
exception so must be explicitly checked for if the thrown value is not
intercepted by the generator.
Thanks to @jepler for finding the bug.
Prior to this patch the code would crash if a key in a ** dict was anything
other than a str or qstr. This is because mp_setup_code_state() assumes
that keys in kwargs are qstrs (for efficiency).
Thanks to @jepler for finding the bug.
micropython: ../../py/objtype.c:1100: super_attr: Assertion `MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(self->type, &mp_type_type)' failed.
e.g., when making calls like
super(1, 1).x
Fixes the following assertion failures when the arguments to type()
were not of valid types:
micropython: ../../py/objtype.c:984: mp_obj_new_type: Assertion `MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(bases_tuple, &mp_type_tuple)' failed.
micropython: ../../py/objtype.c:994: mp_obj_new_type: Assertion `MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(items[i], &mp_type_type)' failed.
e.g., when making calls like
type("", (), 3)
type("", 3, {})
.. defaulting to off for circuitpython-supported boards, on for others.
.. fixing up the tests that fail when it is turned off, so that they skip
instead of failing
By using pre-compiled regexs, using startswith(), and explicitly checking
for empty lines (of which around 30% of the input lines are), automatic
qstr extraction is speed up by about 10%.
All callers of mp_obj_int_formatted() are expected to pass in a valid int
object, and they do:
- mp_obj_int_print() should always pass through an int object because it is
the print special method for int instances.
- mp_print_mp_int() checks that the argument is an int, and if not converts
it to a small int.
This patch saves around 20-50 bytes of code space.
Prior to this patch, some architectures (eg unix x86) could render floats
with "negative" digits, like ")". For example, '%.23e' % 1e-80 would come
out as "1.0000000000000000/)/(,*0e-80". This patch fixes the known cases.
Prior to this patch, some architectures (eg unix x86) could render floats
with a ":" character in them, eg 1e+39 would come out as ":e+38" (":" is
just after "9" in ASCII so this is like 10e+38). This patch fixes some of
these cases.
Prior to this patch the %f formatting of some FP values could be off by up
to 1, eg '%.0f' % 123 would return "122" (unix x64). Depending on the FP
precision (single vs double) certain numbers would format correctly, but
others wolud not. This patch should fix all cases of rounding for %f.
There's no need to have MP_OBJ_NULL a special case, the code can re-use
the MP_OBJ_STOP_ITERATION value to signal the special case and the VM can
detect this with only one check (for MP_OBJ_STOP_ITERATION).
This patch concerns the handling of an NLR-raised StopIteration, raised
during a call to mp_resume() which is handling the yield from opcode.
Previously, commit 6738c1dded introduced code
to handle this case, along with a test. It seems that it was lucky that
the test worked because the code did not correctly handle the stack pointer
(sp).
Furthermore, commit 79d996a57b improved the
way mp_resume() propagated certain exceptions: it changed raising an NLR
value to returning MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION. This change meant that the
test introduced in gen_yield_from_ducktype.py was no longer hitting the
code introduced in 6738c1dded.
The patch here does two things:
1. Fixes the handling of sp in the VM for the case that yield from is
interrupted by a StopIteration raised via NLR.
2. Introduces a new test to check this handling of sp and re-covers the
code in the VM.
This path for src->deg==NULL is never used because mpz_clone() is always
called with an argument that has a non-zero integer value, and hence has
some digits allocated to it (mpz_clone() is a static function private to
mpz.c all callers of this function first check if the integer value is zero
and if so take a special-case path, bypassing the call to mpz_clone()).
There is some unused and commented-out functions that may actually pass a
zero-valued mpz to mpz_clone(), so some TODOs are added to these function
in case they are needed in the future.
All callers of the asm entry function guarantee that num_locals>=0, so no
need to add an explicit check for it. Use an assertion instead.
Also, the signature of asm_x86_entry is changed to match the other asm
entry functions.
If a port only needs the core files then it can now use the $(PY_CORE_O)
variable instead of $(PY_O). $(PY_EXTMOD_O) contains the list of extmod
files (including some files from lib/). $(PY_O) retains its original
definition as the list of all object file (including those for frozen code)
and is a convenience variable for ports that want everything.
Saves a few bytes of code space, and is more efficient because with
MICROPY_GC_CONSERVATIVE_CLEAR enabled by default all memory is already
cleared when allocated.
Otherwise passing -1 as maxlen will lead to a zero allocation and
subsequent unbound buffer overflow in deque.append() because i_put is
allowed to grow without bound.
So far, implements just append() and popleft() methods, required for
a normal queue. Constructor doesn't accept an arbitarry sequence to
initialize from (am empty deque is always created), so an empty tuple
must be passed as such. Only fixed-size deques are supported, so 2nd
argument (size) is required.
There's also an extension to CPython - if True is passed as 3rd argument,
append(), instead of silently overwriting the oldest item on queue
overflow, will throw IndexError. This behavior is desired in many
cases, where queues should store information reliably, instead of
silently losing some items.
The micropython.stack_use() function is useful to query the current C stack
usage, and it's inclusion in the micropython module doesn't need to be tied
to the inclusion of mem_info()/qstr_info() because it doesn't rely on any
of the code from these functions. So this patch introduces the config
option MICROPY_PY_MICROPYTHON_STACK_USE which can be used to independently
control the inclusion of stack_use(). By default it is enabled if
MICROPY_PY_MICROPYTHON_MEM_INFO is enabled (thus not changing any of the
existing ports).
The new option is MICROPY_ENABLE_EXTERNAL_IMPORT and is enabled by default
so that the default behaviour is the same as before. With it disabled
import is only supported for built-in modules, not for external files nor
frozen modules. This allows to support targets that have no filesystem of
any kind and that only have access to pre-supplied built-in modules
implemented natively.
Prior to this patch uPy (on a 32-bit arch) would have severe issues when
calling bytes(-1): such a call would call vstr_init_len(vstr, -1) which
would then +1 on the len and call vstr_init(vstr, 0), which would then
round this up and allocate a small amount of memory for the vstr. The
bytes constructor would then attempt to zero out all this memory, thinking
it had allocated 2^32-1 bytes.
This patch changes the way REPL autocomplete finds matches. It now probes
the target object for all qstrs via mp_load_method_maybe to look for a
match with the given input string. Similar to how the builtin dir()
function works, this new algorithm now find all methods and instances of
user-defined classes including attributes of their parent classes. This
helps a lot at the REPL prompt for user-discovery and to autocomplete names
even for classes that are derived.
The downside is that this new algorithm is slower than the previous one,
and in particular will be slower the more qstrs there are in the system.
But because REPL autocomplete is primarily used in an interactive way it is
not that important to make it fast, as long as it is "fast enough" compared
to human reaction.
On a slow microcontroller (CPU running at 16MHz) the autocomplete time for
a list of 35 names in the outer namespace (pressing tab at a bare prompt)
takes about 160ms with this algorithm, compared to about 40ms for the
previous implementation (this time includes the actual printing of the
names as well). This time of 160ms is very reasonable especially given the
new functionality of listing all the names.
This patch also decreases code size by:
bare-arm: +0
minimal x86: -128
unix x64: -128
unix nanbox: -224
stm32: -88
cc3200: -80
esp8266: -92
esp32: -84
This patch improves the builtin dir() function by probing the target object
with all possible qstrs via mp_load_method_maybe. This is very simple (in
terms of implementation), doesn't require recursion, and allows to list all
methods of user-defined classes (without duplicates) even if they have
multiple inheritance with a common parent. The downside is that it can be
slow because it has to iterate through all the qstrs in the system, but
the "dir()" function is anyway mostly used for testing frameworks and user
introspection of types, so speed is not considered a priority.
In addition to providing a more complete implementation of dir(), this
patch is simpler than the previous implementation and saves some code
space:
bare-arm: -80
minimal x86: -80
unix x64: -56
unix nanbox: -48
stm32: -80
cc3200: -80
esp8266: -104
esp32: -64
This macro is written out explicitly in the two locations that it is used
and then the code is optimised, opening possibilities for further
optimisations and reducing code size:
unix: -48
minimal CROSS=1: -32
stm32: -32
Using the message "maximum recursion depth exceeded" for when the pystack
runs out of memory can be misleading because the pystack can run out for
reasons other than deep recursion (although in most cases pystack
exhaustion is probably indirectly related to deep recursion). And it's
important to give the user more precise feedback as to the reason for the
error: if they know precisely that the pystack was exhausted then they have
a chance to increase the amount of memory available to the pystack (as
opposed to not knowing if it was the C stack or pystack that ran out).
Also, C stack exhaustion is more serious than pystack exhaustion because it
could have been that the C stack overflowed and overwrote/corrupted some
data and so the system must be restarted. The pystack can never corrupt
data in this way so pystack exhaustion does not require a system restart.
Knowing the difference between these two cases is therefore important.
The actual exception type for pystack exhaustion remains as RuntimeError so
that programatically it behaves the same as a C stack exhaustion.
By adding __builtin_unreachable() at the end of nlr_push, we're
essentially telling the compiler that this function will never return.
When GCC LTO is in use, this means that any time nlr_push() is called
(which is often), the compiler thinks this function will never return
and thus eliminates all code following the call.
Note: I've added a 'return 0' for older GCC versions like 4.6 which
complain about not returning anything (which doesn't make sense in a
naked function). Newer GCC versions (tested 4.8, 5.4 and some others)
don't complain about this.
This constant exception instance was once used by m_malloc_fail() to raise
a MemoryError without allocating memory, but it was made obsolete long ago
by 3556e45711. The functionality is now
replaced by the use of mp_emergency_exception_obj which lives in the global
uPy state, and which can handle any exception type, not just MemoryError.
This feature is not often used so is guarded by the config option
MICROPY_PY_BUILTINS_RANGE_BINOP which is disabled by default. With this
option disabled MicroPython will always return false when comparing two
range objects for equality (unless they are exactly the same object
instance). This does not match CPython so if (in)equality between range
objects is needed then this option should be enabled.
Enabling this option costs between 100 and 200 bytes of code space
depending on the machine architecture.
This patch provides inline versions of the utf8 helper functions for the
case when unicode is disabled (MICROPY_PY_BUILTINS_STR_UNICODE set to 0).
This saves code size.
The unichar_charlen function is also renamed to utf8_charlen to match the
other utf8 helper functions, and the signature of this function is adjusted
for consistency (const char* -> const byte*, mp_uint_t -> size_t).
Prior to this patch, a float literal that was close to subnormal would
have a loss of precision when parsed. The worst case was something like
float('10000000000000000000e-326') which returned 0.0.
This patch simplifies how sentinel values are stored on the stack when
doing an unwind return or jump. Instead of storing two values on the stack
for an unwind jump it now stores only one: a negative small integer means
unwind-return and a non-negative small integer means unwind-jump with the
value being the number of exceptions to unwind. The savings in code size
are:
bare-arm: -56
minimal x86: -68
unix x64: -80
unix nanbox: -4
stm32: -56
cc3200: -64
esp8266: -76
esp32: -156
The array should be of type unsigned byte because that is the type of the
values being stored. And changing to uint8_t helps to prevent warnings
from some static analysers.
Note that the check for elem!=NULL is removed for the
MP_MAP_LOOKUP_ADD_IF_NOT_FOUND case because mp_map_lookup will always
return non-NULL for such a case.
This patch combines the compiler optimisation code for double and triple
tuple-to-tuple assignment, taking it from two separate if-blocks to one
combined if-block. This can be done because the code for both of these
optimisations has a lot in common. Combining them together reduces code
size for ports that have the triple-tuple optimisation enabled (and doesn't
change code size for ports that have it disabled).
The parser attempts to allocate two large (~512 byte) chunks up
front. If it couldn't, then it would error out. This change will
cause it to try allocating half the previous attempt until its down
to two copies. This is ok upfront because later code checks bounds
and tries to extend the allocation if needed.
This adapts the allocation process to start from either end of the heap
when searching for free space. The default behavior is identical to the
existing behavior where it starts with the lowest block and looks higher.
Now it can also look from the highest block and lower depending on the
long_lived parameter to gc_alloc. As the heap fills, the two sections may
overlap. When they overlap, a collect may be triggered in order to keep
the long lived section compact. However, free space is always eligable
for each type of allocation.
By starting from either of the end of the heap we have ability to separate
short lived objects from long lived ones. This separation reduces heap
fragmentation because long lived objects are easy to densely pack.
Most objects are short lived initially but may be made long lived when
they are referenced by a type or module. This involves copying the
memory and then letting the collect phase free the old portion.
QSTR pools and chunks are always long lived because they are never freed.
The reallocation, collection and free processes are largely unchanged. They
simply also maintain an index to the highest free block as well as the lowest.
These indices are used to speed up the allocation search until the next collect.
In practice, this change may slightly slow down import statements with the
benefit that memory is much less fragmented afterwards. For example, a test
import into a 20k heap that leaves ~6k free previously had the largest
continuous free space of ~400 bytes. After this change, the largest continuous
free space is over 3400 bytes.
The number of registers used should be 10, not 12, to match the assembly
code in nlrx64.c. With this change the 64bit mingw builds don't need to
use the setjmp implementation, and this fixes miscellaneous crashes and
assertion failures as reported in #1751 for instance.
To avoid mistakes in the future where something gcc-related for Windows
only gets fixed for one particular compiler/environment combination,
make use of a MICROPY_NLR_OS_WINDOWS macro.
To make sure everything nlr-related is now ok when built with gcc this
has been verified with:
- unix port built with gcc on Cygwin (i686-pc-cygwin-gcc and
x86_64-pc-cygwin-gcc, version 6.4.0)
- windows port built with mingw-w64's gcc from Cygwin
(i686-w64-mingw32-gcc and x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc, version 6.4.0)
and MSYS2 (like the ones on Cygwin but version 7.2.0)
There are two checks that are always false so can be converted to (negated)
assertions to save code space and execution time. They are:
1. The check of the str parameter, which is required to be non-NULL as per
the original comment that it has enough space in it as calculated by
mp_int_format_size. And for all uses of this function str is indeed
non-NULL.
2. The check of the base parameter, which is already required to be between
2 and 16 (inclusive) via the assertion in mp_int_format_size.
The motivation behind this patch is to remove unreachable code in mpn_div.
This unreachable code was added some time ago in
9a21d2e070, when a loop in mpn_div was copied
and adjusted to work when mpz_dig_t was exactly half of the size of
mpz_dbl_dig_t (a common case). The loop was copied correctly but it wasn't
noticed at the time that the final part of the calculation of num-quo*den
could be optimised, and hence unreachable code was left for a case that
never occurred.
The observation for the optimisation is that the initial value of quo in
mpn_div is either exact or too large (never too small), and therefore the
subtraction of quo*den from num may subtract exactly enough or too much
(but never too little). Using this observation the part of the algorithm
that handles the borrow value can be simplified, and most importantly this
eliminates the unreachable code.
The new code has been tested with DIG_SIZE=3 and DIG_SIZE=4 by dividing all
possible combinations of non-negative integers with between 0 and 3
(inclusive) mpz digits.
Empty __VA_ARGS__ are not allowed in the C preprocessor so adjust the rule
arg offset calculation to not use them. Also, some compilers (eg MSVC)
require an extra layer of macro expansion.
This is the sixth and final patch in a series of patches to the parser that
aims to reduce code size by compressing the data corresponding to the rules
of the grammar.
Prior to this set of patches the rules were stored as rule_t structs with
rule_id, act and arg members. And then there was a big table of pointers
which allowed to lookup the address of a rule_t struct given the id of that
rule.
The changes that have been made are:
- Breaking up of the rule_t struct into individual components, with each
component in a separate array.
- Removal of the rule_id part of the struct because it's not needed.
- Put all the rule arg data in a big array.
- Change the table of pointers to rules to a table of offsets within the
array of rule arg data.
The last point is what is done in this patch here and brings about the
biggest decreases in code size, because an array of pointers is now an
array of bytes.
Code size changes for the six patches combined is:
bare-arm: -644
minimal x86: -1856
unix x64: -5408
unix nanbox: -2080
stm32: -720
esp8266: -812
cc3200: -712
For the change in parser performance: it was measured on pyboard that these
six patches combined gave an increase in script parse time of about 0.4%.
This is due to the slightly more complicated way of looking up the data for
a rule (since the 9th bit of the offset into the rule arg data table is
calculated with an if statement). This is an acceptable increase in parse
time considering that parsing is only done once per script (if compiled on
the target).
Instead of each rule being stored in ROM as a struct with rule_id, act and
arg, the act and arg parts are now in separate arrays and the rule_id part
is removed because it's not needed. This reduces code size, by roughly one
byte per grammar rule, around 150 bytes.
The rule name is only used for debugging, and this patch makes things a bit
cleaner by completely separating out the rule name from the rest of the
rule data.
Each NLR implementation (Thumb, x86, x64, xtensa, setjmp) duplicates a lot
of the NLR code, specifically that dealing with pushing and popping the NLR
pointer to maintain the linked-list of NLR buffers. This patch factors all
of that code out of the specific implementations into generic functions in
nlr.c, along with a helper macro in nlr.h. This eliminates duplicated
code.
If MICROPY_NLR_SETJMP is not enabled and the machine is auto-detected then
nlr.h now defines some convenience macros for the individual NLR
implementations to use (eg MICROPY_NLR_THUMB). This keeps nlr.h and the
implementation in sync, and also makes the nlr_buf_t struct easier to read.
A function with a naked attribute must only contain basic inline asm
statements and no C code.
For nlr_push this means removing the "return 0" statement. But for some
gcc versions this induces a compiler warning so the __builtin_unreachable()
line needs to be added.
For nlr_jump, this function contains a combination of C code and inline asm
so cannot be naked.
This reverts commit 6a3a742a6c.
The above commit has number of faults starting from the motivation down
to the actual implementation.
1. Faulty implementation.
The original code contained functions like:
NORETURN void nlr_jump(void *val) {
nlr_buf_t **top_ptr = &MP_STATE_THREAD(nlr_top);
nlr_buf_t *top = *top_ptr;
...
__asm volatile (
"mov %0, %%edx \n" // %edx points to nlr_buf
"mov 28(%%edx), %%esi \n" // load saved %esi
"mov 24(%%edx), %%edi \n" // load saved %edi
"mov 20(%%edx), %%ebx \n" // load saved %ebx
"mov 16(%%edx), %%esp \n" // load saved %esp
"mov 12(%%edx), %%ebp \n" // load saved %ebp
"mov 8(%%edx), %%eax \n" // load saved %eip
"mov %%eax, (%%esp) \n" // store saved %eip to stack
"xor %%eax, %%eax \n" // clear return register
"inc %%al \n" // increase to make 1, non-local return
"ret \n" // return
: // output operands
: "r"(top) // input operands
: // clobbered registers
);
}
Which clearly stated that C-level variable should be a parameter of the
assembly, whcih then moved it into correct register.
Whereas now it's:
NORETURN void nlr_jump_tail(nlr_buf_t *top) {
(void)top;
__asm volatile (
"mov 28(%edx), %esi \n" // load saved %esi
"mov 24(%edx), %edi \n" // load saved %edi
"mov 20(%edx), %ebx \n" // load saved %ebx
"mov 16(%edx), %esp \n" // load saved %esp
"mov 12(%edx), %ebp \n" // load saved %ebp
"mov 8(%edx), %eax \n" // load saved %eip
"mov %eax, (%esp) \n" // store saved %eip to stack
"xor %eax, %eax \n" // clear return register
"inc %al \n" // increase to make 1, non-local return
"ret \n" // return
);
for (;;); // needed to silence compiler warning
}
Which just tries to perform operations on a completely random register (edx
in this case). The outcome is the expected: saving the pure random luck of
the compiler putting the right value in the random register above, there's
a crash.
2. Non-critical assessment.
The original commit message says "There is a small overhead introduced
(typically 1 machine instruction)". That machine instruction is a call
if a compiler doesn't perform tail optimization (happens regularly), and
it's 1 instruction only with the broken code shown above, fixing it
requires adding more. With inefficiencies already presented in the NLR
code, the overhead becomes "considerable" (several times more than 1%),
not "small".
The commit message also says "This eliminates duplicated code.". An
obvious way to eliminate duplication would be to factor out common code
to macros, not introduce overhead and breakage like above.
3. Faulty motivation.
All this started with a report of warnings/errors happening for a niche
compiler. It could have been solved in one the direct ways: a) fixing it
just for affected compiler(s); b) rewriting it in proper assembly (like
it was before BTW); c) by not doing anything at all, MICROPY_NLR_SETJMP
exists exactly to address minor-impact cases like thar (where a) or b) are
not applicable). Instead, a backwards "solution" was put forward, leading
to all the issues above.
The best action thus appears to be revert and rework, not trying to work
around what went haywire in the first place.
Each NLR implementation (Thumb, x86, x64, xtensa, setjmp) duplicates a lot
of the NLR code, specifically that dealing with pushing and popping the NLR
pointer to maintain the linked-list of NLR buffers. This patch factors all
of that code out of the specific implementations into generic functions in
nlr.c. This eliminates duplicated code.
The factoring also allows to make the machine-specific NLR code pure
assembler code, thus allowing nlrthumb.c to use naked function attributes
in the correct way (naked functions can only have basic inline assembler
code in them).
There is a small overhead introduced (typically 1 machine instruction)
because now the generic nlr_jump() must call nlr_jump_tail() rather than
them being one combined function.
set_equal is called only from set_binary_op, and this guarantees that the
second arg to set_equal is always a set or frozenset. So there is no need
to do a further check.
This implements .pend_throw(exc) method, which sets up an exception to be
triggered on the next call to generator's .__next__() or .send() method.
This is unlike .throw(), which immediately starts to execute the generator
to process the exception. This effectively adds Future-like capabilities
to generator protocol (exception will be raised in the future).
The need for such a method arised to implement uasyncio wait_for() function
efficiently (its behavior is clearly "Future" like, and normally would
require to introduce an expensive Future wrapper around all native
couroutines, like upstream asyncio does).
py/objgenerator: pend_throw: Return previous pended value.
This effectively allows to store an additional value (not necessary an
exception) in a coroutine while it's not being executed. uasyncio has
exactly this usecase: to mark a coro waiting in I/O queue (and thus
not executed in the normal scheduling queue), for the purpose of
implementing wait_for() function (cancellation of such waiting coro
by a timeout).
Some compilers can treat enum types as signed, in which case 3 bits is not
enough to encode all mp_raw_code_kind_t values. So change the type to
mp_uint_t.
This is a bit of a clumsy way of doing it but solves the issue of __init__
not running when a module is imported via its weak-link name. Ideally a
better solution would be found.
Before this patch, if a user defined the __new__() function for a class
then two instances of that class would be created: once before __new__ is
called and once during the __new__ call (assuming the user creates some
instance, eg using super().__new__, which is most of the time). The first
one was then discarded. This refactor makes it so that a new instance is
only created if the user __new__ function doesn't exist.
This patch cleans up and generalises part of the code which handles
overriding and calling a native base-class's __init__ method. It defers
the call to the native make_new() function until after the user (Python)
__init__() method has run. That user method now has the chance to call the
native __init__/make_new and pass it different arguments. If the user
doesn't call the super().__init__ method then it will be called
automatically after the user code finishes, to finalise construction of the
instance.
The nan-boxing representation has an extra 16-bits of space to store
small-int values, and making use of it allows to create and manipulate full
32-bit positive integers (ie up to 0xffffffff) without using the heap.
This patch introduces the MICROPY_ENABLE_PYSTACK option (disabled by
default) which enables a "Python stack" that allows to allocate and free
memory in a scoped, or Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) way, similar to alloca().
A new memory allocation API is introduced along with this Py-stack. It
includes both "local" and "nonlocal" LIFO allocation. Local allocation is
intended to be equivalent to using alloca(), whereby the same function must
free the memory. Nonlocal allocation is where another function may free
the memory, so long as it's still LIFO.
Follow-up patches will convert all uses of alloca() and VLA to the new
scoped allocation API. The old behaviour (using alloca()) will still be
available, but when MICROPY_ENABLE_PYSTACK is enabled then alloca() is no
longer required or used.
The benefits of enabling this option are (or will be once subsequent
patches are made to convert alloca()/VLA):
- Toolchains without alloca() can use this feature to obtain correct and
efficient scoped memory allocation (compared to using the heap instead
of alloca(), which is slower).
- Even if alloca() is available, enabling the Py-stack gives slightly more
efficient use of stack space when calling nested Python functions, due to
the way that compilers implement alloca().
- Enabling the Py-stack with the stackless mode allows for even more
efficient stack usage, as well as retaining high performance (because the
heap is no longer used to build and destroy stackless code states).
- With Py-stack and stackless enabled, Python-calling-Python is no longer
recursive in the C mp_execute_bytecode function.
The micropython.pystack_use() function is included to measure usage of the
Python stack.
This function was implemented as an experiment, and was enabled only in
unix port. To remind, it allows to access arbitrary files frozen as
source modules (vs bytecode).
However, further experimentation showed that the same functionality can
be implemented with frozen bytecode. The process requires more steps, but
with suitable toolset it doesn't matter patch. This process is:
1. Convert binary files into "Python resource module" with
tools/mpy_bin2res.py.
2. Freeze as the bytecode.
3. Use micropython-lib's pkg_resources.resource_stream() to access it.
In other words, the extra step is using tools/mpy_bin2res.py (because
there would be wrapper for uio.resource_stream() anyway).
Going frozen bytecode route allows more flexibility, and same/additional
efficiency:
1. Frozen source support can be disabled altogether for additional code
savings.
2. Resources could be also accessed as a buffer, not just as a stream.
There're few caveats too:
1. It wasn't actually profiled the overhead of storing a resource in
"Python resource module" vs storing it directly, but it's assumed that
overhead is small.
2. The "efficiency" claim above applies to the case when resource
file is frozen as the bytecode. If it's not, it actually will take a
lot of RAM on loading. But in this case, the resource file should not
be used (i.e. generated) in the first place, and micropython-lib's
pkg_resources.resource_stream() implementation has the appropriate
fallback to read the raw files instead. This still poses some distribution
issues, e.g. to deployable to baremetal ports (which almost certainly
would require freezeing as the bytecode), a distribution package should
include the resource module. But for non-freezing deployment, presense
of resource module will lead to memory inefficiency.
All the discussion above reminds why uio.resource_stream() was implemented
in the first place - to address some of the issues above. However, since
then, frozen bytecode approach seems to prevail, so, while there're still
some issues to address with it, this change is being made.
This change saves 488 bytes for the unix x86_64 port.
This target removes any stray files (i.e. something not committed to git)
from scripts/ and modules/ dirs (or whatever FROZEN_DIR and FROZEN_MPY_DIR
is set to).
The expected workflow is:
1. make clean-frozen
2. micropython -m upip -p modules <packages_to_freeze>
3. make
As it can be expected that people may drop random thing in those dirs which
they can miss later, the content is actually backed up before cleaning.
This is second part of fun_bc_call() vs mp_obj_fun_bc_prepare_codestate()
common code refactor. This factors out code to initialize codestate
object. After this patch, mp_obj_fun_bc_prepare_codestate() is effectively
DECODE_CODESTATE_SIZE() followed by allocation followed by
INIT_CODESTATE(), and fun_bc_call() starts with that too.
fun_bc_call() starts with almost the same code as
mp_obj_fun_bc_prepare_codestate(), the only difference is a way to
allocate the codestate object (heap vs stack with heap fallback).
Still, would be nice to avoid code duplication to make further
refactoring easier.
So, this commit factors out the common code before the allocation -
decoding and calculating codestate size. It produces two values,
so structured as a macro which writes to 2 variables passed as
arguments.
The assembler back-end for most architectures needs to know if a jump is
backwards in order to emit optimised machine code, and they do this by
checking if the destination label has been set or not. So always reset
label offsets to -1 (this reverts partially the previous commit, with some
minor optimisation for the if-logic with the pass variable).
Clearing the labels to -1 is purely a debugging measure. For release
builds there is no need to do it as the label offset table should always
have the correct value assigned.
Accessing them will crash immediately instead still working for some time,
until overwritten by some other data, leading to much less deterministic
crashes.
This is mostly a workaround for forceful rebuilding of mpy-cross on every
codebase change. If this file has debug logging enabled (by patching),
mpy-cross build failed.
Before that, the output was truncated to 32 bits. Only "%x" format is
handled, because a typical use is for addresses.
This refactor actually decreased x86_64 code size by 30 bytes.
Scott Shawcroft
Noralf Trønnes
Scott Shawcroft
Dan Halbert
Damien George
Yonatan Goldschmidt
Matt Wozniski
Jeff Epler
Jan Klusacek
Jeff Epler
Li Weiwei
Tom Collins
Roy Hooper
bildzeitung
Jerry Needell
Lars Kellogg-Stedman
Ayke van Laethem
ladyada
Paul Sokolovsky
Mike Wadsten
Scott Shawcroft
stijn