circuitpython/py/vm.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>

#include "nlr.h"
#include "misc.h"
#include "mpconfig.h"
#include "qstr.h"
#include "obj.h"
#include "runtime.h"
#include "bc0.h"
#include "bc.h"
#include "objgenerator.h"

// Value stack grows up (this makes it incompatible with native C stack, but
// makes sure that arguments to functions are in natural order arg1..argN
// (Python semantics mandates left-to-right evaluation order, including for
// function arguments). Stack pointer is pre-incremented and points at the
// top element.
// Exception stack also grows up, top element is also pointed at.

// Exception stack unwind reasons (WHY_* in CPython-speak)
// TODO perhaps compress this to RETURN=0, JUMP>0, with number of unwinds
// left to do encoded in the JUMP number
typedef enum {
    UNWIND_RETURN = 1,
    UNWIND_JUMP,
} mp_unwind_reason_t;

#define DECODE_UINT { \
    unum = 0; \
    do { \
        unum = (unum << 7) + (*ip & 0x7f); \
    } while ((*ip++ & 0x80) != 0); \
}
#define DECODE_ULABEL do { unum = (ip[0] | (ip[1] << 8)); ip += 2; } while (0)
#define DECODE_SLABEL do { unum = (ip[0] | (ip[1] << 8)) - 0x8000; ip += 2; } while (0)
#define DECODE_QSTR { \
    qst = 0; \
    do { \
        qst = (qst << 7) + (*ip & 0x7f); \
    } while ((*ip++ & 0x80) != 0); \
}
#define PUSH(val) *++sp = (val)
#define POP() (*sp--)
#define TOP() (*sp)
#define SET_TOP(val) *sp = (val)

#define PUSH_EXC_BLOCK() \
    DECODE_ULABEL; /* except labels are always forward */ \
    ++exc_sp; \
    exc_sp->opcode = op; \
    exc_sp->handler = ip + unum; \
    exc_sp->val_sp = MP_TAGPTR_MAKE(sp, currently_in_except_block); \
    exc_sp->prev_exc = MP_OBJ_NULL; \
    currently_in_except_block = 0; /* in a try block now */

#define POP_EXC_BLOCK() \
    currently_in_except_block = MP_TAGPTR_TAG(exc_sp->val_sp); /* restore previous state */ \
    exc_sp--; /* pop back to previous exception handler */

mp_vm_return_kind_t mp_execute_byte_code(const byte *code, const mp_obj_t *args, uint n_args, const mp_obj_t *args2, uint n_args2, mp_obj_t *ret) {
    const byte *ip = code;

    // get code info size, and skip line number table
    machine_uint_t code_info_size = ip[0] | (ip[1] << 8) | (ip[2] << 16) | (ip[3] << 24);
    ip += code_info_size;

    // bytecode prelude: state size and exception stack size; 16 bit uints
    machine_uint_t n_state = ip[0] | (ip[1] << 8);
    machine_uint_t n_exc_stack = ip[2] | (ip[3] << 8);
    ip += 4;

    // allocate state for locals and stack
    mp_obj_t temp_state[10];
    mp_obj_t *state = &temp_state[0];
    if (n_state > 10) {
        state = m_new(mp_obj_t, n_state);
    }
    mp_obj_t *sp = &state[0] - 1;

    // allocate state for exceptions
    mp_exc_stack_t exc_state[4];
    mp_exc_stack_t *exc_stack = &exc_state[0];
    if (n_exc_stack > 4) {
        exc_stack = m_new(mp_exc_stack_t, n_exc_stack);
    }
    mp_exc_stack_t *exc_sp = &exc_stack[0] - 1;

    // init args
    for (uint i = 0; i < n_args; i++) {
        state[n_state - 1 - i] = args[i];
    }
    for (uint i = 0; i < n_args2; i++) {
        state[n_state - 1 - n_args - i] = args2[i];
    }

    // set rest of state to MP_OBJ_NULL
    for (uint i = 0; i < n_state - n_args - n_args2; i++) {
        state[i] = MP_OBJ_NULL;
    }

    // bytecode prelude: initialise closed over variables
    for (uint n_local = *ip++; n_local > 0; n_local--) {
        uint local_num = *ip++;
        state[n_state - 1 - local_num] = mp_obj_new_cell(state[n_state - 1 - local_num]);
    }

    // execute the byte code
    mp_vm_return_kind_t vm_return_kind = mp_execute_byte_code_2(code, &ip, &state[n_state - 1], &sp, exc_stack, &exc_sp, MP_OBJ_NULL);

    switch (vm_return_kind) {
        case MP_VM_RETURN_NORMAL:
            *ret = *sp;
            return MP_VM_RETURN_NORMAL;
        case MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION:
            *ret = state[n_state - 1];
            return MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION;
        case MP_VM_RETURN_YIELD: // byte-code shouldn't yield
        default:
            assert(0);
            *ret = mp_const_none;
            return MP_VM_RETURN_NORMAL;
    }
}

// fastn has items in reverse order (fastn[0] is local[0], fastn[-1] is local[1], etc)
// sp points to bottom of stack which grows up
// returns:
//  MP_VM_RETURN_NORMAL, sp valid, return value in *sp
//  MP_VM_RETURN_YIELD, ip, sp valid, yielded value in *sp
//  MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION, exception in fastn[0]
mp_vm_return_kind_t mp_execute_byte_code_2(const byte *code_info, const byte **ip_in_out,
                                           mp_obj_t *fastn, mp_obj_t **sp_in_out,
                                           mp_exc_stack_t *exc_stack, mp_exc_stack_t **exc_sp_in_out,
                                           volatile mp_obj_t inject_exc) {
    // careful: be sure to declare volatile any variables read in the exception handler (written is ok, I think)

    const byte *ip = *ip_in_out;
    mp_obj_t *sp = *sp_in_out;
    machine_uint_t unum;
    qstr qst;
    mp_obj_t obj1, obj2;
    nlr_buf_t nlr;

    volatile bool currently_in_except_block = MP_TAGPTR_TAG(*exc_sp_in_out); // 0 or 1, to detect nested exceptions
    mp_exc_stack_t *volatile exc_sp = MP_TAGPTR_PTR(*exc_sp_in_out); // stack grows up, exc_sp points to top of stack
    const byte *volatile save_ip = ip; // this is so we can access ip in the exception handler without making ip volatile (which means the compiler can't keep it in a register in the main loop)

    // outer exception handling loop
    for (;;) {
outer_dispatch_loop:
        if (nlr_push(&nlr) == 0) {
            // If we have exception to inject, now that we finish setting up
            // execution context, raise it. This works as if RAISE_VARARGS
            // bytecode was executed.
            // Injecting exc into yield from generator is a special case,
            // handled by MP_BC_YIELD_FROM itself
            if (inject_exc != MP_OBJ_NULL && *ip != MP_BC_YIELD_FROM) {
                mp_obj_t t = inject_exc;
                inject_exc = MP_OBJ_NULL;
                nlr_raise(mp_make_raise_obj(t));
            }
            // loop to execute byte code
            for (;;) {
dispatch_loop:
                save_ip = ip;
                int op = *ip++;
                switch (op) {
                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_FALSE:
                        PUSH(mp_const_false);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_NONE:
                        PUSH(mp_const_none);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_TRUE:
                        PUSH(mp_const_true);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_ELLIPSIS:
                        PUSH((mp_obj_t)&mp_const_ellipsis_obj);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_SMALL_INT: {
                        machine_int_t num = 0;
                        if ((ip[0] & 0x40) != 0) {
                            // Number is negative
                            num--;
                        }
                        do {
                            num = (num << 7) | (*ip & 0x7f);
                        } while ((*ip++ & 0x80) != 0);
                        PUSH(MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(num));
                        break;
                    }

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_INT:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        PUSH(mp_obj_new_int_from_long_str(qstr_str(qst)));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_DEC:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        PUSH(mp_load_const_dec(qst));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_ID:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        PUSH(mp_load_const_str(qst)); // TODO
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_BYTES:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        PUSH(mp_load_const_bytes(qst));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_STRING:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        PUSH(mp_load_const_str(qst));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_NULL:
                        PUSH(MP_OBJ_NULL);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_FAST_0:
                        PUSH(fastn[0]);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_FAST_1:
                        PUSH(fastn[-1]);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_FAST_2:
                        PUSH(fastn[-2]);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_FAST_N:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        PUSH(fastn[-unum]);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_FAST_CHECKED:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        obj1 = fastn[-unum];
                        if (obj1 == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                            local_name_error:
                            nlr_raise(mp_obj_new_exception_msg(&mp_type_NameError, "local variable referenced before assignment"));
                        }
                        PUSH(obj1);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_DEREF:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        obj1 = mp_obj_cell_get(fastn[-unum]);
                        if (obj1 == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                            goto local_name_error;
                        }
                        PUSH(obj1);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_NAME:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        PUSH(mp_load_name(qst));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_GLOBAL:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        PUSH(mp_load_global(qst));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_ATTR:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        SET_TOP(mp_load_attr(TOP(), qst));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_METHOD:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        mp_load_method(*sp, qst, sp);
                        sp += 1;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LOAD_BUILD_CLASS:
                        PUSH(mp_load_build_class());
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_FAST_0:
                        fastn[0] = POP();
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_FAST_1:
                        fastn[-1] = POP();
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_FAST_2:
                        fastn[-2] = POP();
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_FAST_N:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        fastn[-unum] = POP();
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_DEREF:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        mp_obj_cell_set(fastn[-unum], POP());
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_NAME:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        mp_store_name(qst, POP());
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_GLOBAL:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        mp_store_global(qst, POP());
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_ATTR:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        mp_store_attr(sp[0], qst, sp[-1]);
                        sp -= 2;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_SUBSCR:
                        mp_store_subscr(sp[-1], sp[0], sp[-2]);
                        sp -= 3;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_DELETE_FAST:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        if (fastn[-unum] == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                            goto local_name_error;
                        }
                        fastn[-unum] = MP_OBJ_NULL;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_DELETE_DEREF:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        if (mp_obj_cell_get(fastn[-unum]) == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                            goto local_name_error;
                        }
                        mp_obj_cell_set(fastn[-unum], MP_OBJ_NULL);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_DELETE_NAME:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        mp_delete_name(qst);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_DELETE_GLOBAL:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        mp_delete_global(qst);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_DUP_TOP:
                        obj1 = TOP();
                        PUSH(obj1);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_DUP_TOP_TWO:
                        sp += 2;
                        sp[0] = sp[-2];
                        sp[-1] = sp[-3];
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_POP_TOP:
                        sp -= 1;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_ROT_TWO:
                        obj1 = sp[0];
                        sp[0] = sp[-1];
                        sp[-1] = obj1;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_ROT_THREE:
                        obj1 = sp[0];
                        sp[0] = sp[-1];
                        sp[-1] = sp[-2];
                        sp[-2] = obj1;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_JUMP:
                        DECODE_SLABEL;
                        ip += unum;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE:
                        DECODE_SLABEL;
                        if (mp_obj_is_true(POP())) {
                            ip += unum;
                        }
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE:
                        DECODE_SLABEL;
                        if (!mp_obj_is_true(POP())) {
                            ip += unum;
                        }
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP:
                        DECODE_SLABEL;
                        if (mp_obj_is_true(TOP())) {
                            ip += unum;
                        } else {
                            sp--;
                        }
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP:
                        DECODE_SLABEL;
                        if (mp_obj_is_true(TOP())) {
                            sp--;
                        } else {
                            ip += unum;
                        }
                        break;

                        /* we are trying to get away without using this opcode
                    case MP_BC_SETUP_LOOP:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // push_block(MP_BC_SETUP_LOOP, ip + unum, sp)
                        break;
                        */

                    case MP_BC_SETUP_WITH:
                        obj1 = TOP();
                        SET_TOP(mp_load_attr(obj1, MP_QSTR___exit__));
                        mp_load_method(obj1, MP_QSTR___enter__, sp + 1);
                        obj2 = mp_call_method_n_kw(0, 0, sp + 1);
                        PUSH_EXC_BLOCK();
                        PUSH(obj2);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_WITH_CLEANUP: {
                        // Arriving here, there's "exception control block" on top of stack,
                        // and __exit__ bound method underneath it. Bytecode calls __exit__,
                        // and "deletes" it off stack, shifting "exception control block"
                        // to its place.
                        static const mp_obj_t no_exc[] = {mp_const_none, mp_const_none, mp_const_none};
                        if (TOP() == mp_const_none) {
                            sp--;
                            obj1 = TOP();
                            SET_TOP(mp_const_none);
                            obj2 = mp_call_function_n_kw(obj1, 3, 0, no_exc);
                        } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_SMALL_INT(TOP())) {
                            mp_obj_t cause = POP();
                            switch (MP_OBJ_SMALL_INT_VALUE(cause)) {
                                case UNWIND_RETURN: {
                                    mp_obj_t retval = POP();
                                    obj2 = mp_call_function_n_kw(TOP(), 3, 0, no_exc);
                                    SET_TOP(retval);
                                    PUSH(cause);
                                    break;
                                }
                                case UNWIND_JUMP: {
                                    obj2 = mp_call_function_n_kw(sp[-2], 3, 0, no_exc);
                                    // Pop __exit__ boundmethod at sp[-2]
                                    sp[-2] = sp[-1];
                                    sp[-1] = sp[0];
                                    SET_TOP(cause);
                                    break;
                                }
                                default:
                                    assert(0);
                            }
                        } else if (mp_obj_is_exception_type(TOP())) {
                            mp_obj_t args[3] = {sp[0], sp[-1], sp[-2]};
                            obj2 = mp_call_function_n_kw(sp[-3], 3, 0, args);
                            // Pop __exit__ boundmethod at sp[-3]
                            // TODO: Once semantics is proven, optimize for case when obj2 == True
                            sp[-3] = sp[-2];
                            sp[-2] = sp[-1];
                            sp[-1] = sp[0];
                            sp--;
                            if (mp_obj_is_true(obj2)) {
                                // This is what CPython does
                                //PUSH(MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(UNWIND_SILENCED));
                                // But what we need to do is - pop exception from value stack...
                                sp -= 3;
                                // ... pop "with" exception handler, and signal END_FINALLY
                                // to just execute finally handler normally (by pushing None
                                // on value stack)
                                assert(exc_sp >= exc_stack);
                                assert(exc_sp->opcode == MP_BC_SETUP_WITH);
                                POP_EXC_BLOCK();
                                PUSH(mp_const_none);
                            }
                        } else {
                            assert(0);
                        }
                        break;
                    }

                    case MP_BC_UNWIND_JUMP:
                        DECODE_SLABEL;
                        PUSH((void*)(ip + unum)); // push destination ip for jump
                        PUSH((void*)(machine_uint_t)(*ip)); // push number of exception handlers to unwind
unwind_jump:
                        unum = (machine_uint_t)POP(); // get number of exception handlers to unwind
                        while (unum > 0) {
                            unum -= 1;
                            assert(exc_sp >= exc_stack);
                            if (exc_sp->opcode == MP_BC_SETUP_FINALLY || exc_sp->opcode == MP_BC_SETUP_WITH) {
                                // We're going to run "finally" code as a coroutine
                                // (not calling it recursively). Set up a sentinel
                                // on a stack so it can return back to us when it is
                                // done (when END_FINALLY reached).
                                PUSH((void*)unum); // push number of exception handlers left to unwind
                                PUSH(MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(UNWIND_JUMP)); // push sentinel
                                ip = exc_sp->handler; // get exception handler byte code address
                                exc_sp--; // pop exception handler
                                goto dispatch_loop; // run the exception handler
                            }
                            exc_sp--;
                        }
                        ip = (const byte*)POP(); // pop destination ip for jump
                        break;

                    // matched against: POP_BLOCK or POP_EXCEPT (anything else?)
                    case MP_BC_SETUP_EXCEPT:
                    case MP_BC_SETUP_FINALLY:
                        PUSH_EXC_BLOCK();
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_END_FINALLY:
                        // not fully implemented
                        // if TOS is an exception, reraises the exception (3 values on TOS)
                        // if TOS is None, just pops it and continues
                        // if TOS is an integer, does something else
                        // else error
                        if (mp_obj_is_exception_type(TOP())) {
                            nlr_raise(sp[-1]);
                        }
                        if (TOP() == mp_const_none) {
                            sp--;
                        } else if (MP_OBJ_IS_SMALL_INT(TOP())) {
                            // We finished "finally" coroutine and now dispatch back
                            // to our caller, based on TOS value
                            mp_unwind_reason_t reason = MP_OBJ_SMALL_INT_VALUE(POP());
                            switch (reason) {
                                case UNWIND_RETURN:
                                    goto unwind_return;
                                case UNWIND_JUMP:
                                    goto unwind_jump;
                            }
                            assert(0);
                        } else {
                            assert(0);
                        }
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_GET_ITER:
                        SET_TOP(mp_getiter(TOP()));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_FOR_ITER:
                        DECODE_ULABEL; // the jump offset if iteration finishes; for labels are always forward
                        obj1 = mp_iternext_allow_raise(TOP());
                        if (obj1 == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                            --sp; // pop the exhausted iterator
                            ip += unum; // jump to after for-block
                        } else {
                            PUSH(obj1); // push the next iteration value
                        }
                        break;

                    // matched against: SETUP_EXCEPT, SETUP_FINALLY, SETUP_WITH
                    case MP_BC_POP_BLOCK:
                        // we are exiting an exception handler, so pop the last one of the exception-stack
                        assert(exc_sp >= exc_stack);
                        POP_EXC_BLOCK();
                        break;

                    // matched against: SETUP_EXCEPT
                    case MP_BC_POP_EXCEPT:
                        // TODO need to work out how blocks work etc
                        // pops block, checks it's an exception block, and restores the stack, saving the 3 exception values to local threadstate
                        assert(exc_sp >= exc_stack);
                        assert(currently_in_except_block);
                        //sp = (mp_obj_t*)(*exc_sp--);
                        //exc_sp--; // discard ip
                        POP_EXC_BLOCK();
                        //sp -= 3; // pop 3 exception values
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_NOT:
                        if (TOP() == mp_const_true) {
                            SET_TOP(mp_const_false);
                        } else {
                            SET_TOP(mp_const_true);
                        }
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_UNARY_OP:
                        unum = *ip++;
                        SET_TOP(mp_unary_op(unum, TOP()));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_BINARY_OP:
                        unum = *ip++;
                        obj2 = POP();
                        obj1 = TOP();
                        SET_TOP(mp_binary_op(unum, obj1, obj2));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_BUILD_TUPLE:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        sp -= unum - 1;
                        SET_TOP(mp_obj_new_tuple(unum, sp));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_BUILD_LIST:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        sp -= unum - 1;
                        SET_TOP(mp_obj_new_list(unum, sp));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_LIST_APPEND:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // I think it's guaranteed by the compiler that sp[unum] is a list
                        mp_obj_list_append(sp[-unum], sp[0]);
                        sp--;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_BUILD_MAP:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        PUSH(mp_obj_new_dict(unum));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_STORE_MAP:
                        sp -= 2;
                        mp_obj_dict_store(sp[0], sp[2], sp[1]);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_MAP_ADD:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // I think it's guaranteed by the compiler that sp[-unum - 1] is a map
                        mp_obj_dict_store(sp[-unum - 1], sp[0], sp[-1]);
                        sp -= 2;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_BUILD_SET:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        sp -= unum - 1;
                        SET_TOP(mp_obj_new_set(unum, sp));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_SET_ADD:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // I think it's guaranteed by the compiler that sp[-unum] is a set
                        mp_obj_set_store(sp[-unum], sp[0]);
                        sp--;
                        break;

#if MICROPY_ENABLE_SLICE
                    case MP_BC_BUILD_SLICE:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        if (unum == 2) {
                            obj2 = POP();
                            obj1 = TOP();
                            SET_TOP(mp_obj_new_slice(obj1, obj2, NULL));
                        } else {
                            obj1 = mp_obj_new_exception_msg(&mp_type_NotImplementedError, "3-argument slice is not supported");
                            nlr_pop();
                            fastn[0] = obj1;
                            return MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION;
                        }
                        break;
#endif

                    case MP_BC_UNPACK_SEQUENCE:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        mp_unpack_sequence(sp[0], unum, sp);
                        sp += unum - 1;
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_UNPACK_EX:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        mp_unpack_ex(sp[0], unum, sp);
                        sp += (unum & 0xff) + ((unum >> 8) & 0xff);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_MAKE_FUNCTION:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        PUSH(mp_make_function_from_id(unum, MP_OBJ_NULL, MP_OBJ_NULL));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFARGS:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // Stack layout: def_dict def_tuple <- TOS
                        obj1 = POP();
                        SET_TOP(mp_make_function_from_id(unum, obj1, TOP()));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_MAKE_CLOSURE:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // Stack layout: closure_tuple <- TOS
                        SET_TOP(mp_make_closure_from_id(unum, TOP(), MP_OBJ_NULL, MP_OBJ_NULL));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_MAKE_CLOSURE_DEFARGS:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // Stack layout: def_dict def_tuple closure_tuple <- TOS
                        obj1 = POP();
                        obj2 = POP();
                        SET_TOP(mp_make_closure_from_id(unum, obj1, obj2, TOP()));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_CALL_FUNCTION:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // unum & 0xff == n_positional
                        // (unum >> 8) & 0xff == n_keyword
                        sp -= (unum & 0xff) + ((unum >> 7) & 0x1fe);
                        SET_TOP(mp_call_function_n_kw(*sp, unum & 0xff, (unum >> 8) & 0xff, sp + 1));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // unum & 0xff == n_positional
                        // (unum >> 8) & 0xff == n_keyword
                        // We have folowing stack layout here:
                        // fun arg0 arg1 ... kw0 val0 kw1 val1 ... seq dict <- TOS
                        sp -= (unum & 0xff) + ((unum >> 7) & 0x1fe) + 2;
                        SET_TOP(mp_call_method_n_kw_var(false, unum, sp));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_CALL_METHOD:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // unum & 0xff == n_positional
                        // (unum >> 8) & 0xff == n_keyword
                        sp -= (unum & 0xff) + ((unum >> 7) & 0x1fe) + 1;
                        SET_TOP(mp_call_method_n_kw(unum & 0xff, (unum >> 8) & 0xff, sp));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_CALL_METHOD_VAR_KW:
                        DECODE_UINT;
                        // unum & 0xff == n_positional
                        // (unum >> 8) & 0xff == n_keyword
                        // We have folowing stack layout here:
                        // fun self arg0 arg1 ... kw0 val0 kw1 val1 ... seq dict <- TOS
                        sp -= (unum & 0xff) + ((unum >> 7) & 0x1fe) + 3;
                        SET_TOP(mp_call_method_n_kw_var(true, unum, sp));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_RETURN_VALUE:
unwind_return:
                        while (exc_sp >= exc_stack) {
                            if (exc_sp->opcode == MP_BC_SETUP_FINALLY || exc_sp->opcode == MP_BC_SETUP_WITH) {
                                // We're going to run "finally" code as a coroutine
                                // (not calling it recursively). Set up a sentinel
                                // on a stack so it can return back to us when it is
                                // done (when END_FINALLY reached).
                                PUSH(MP_OBJ_NEW_SMALL_INT(UNWIND_RETURN));
                                ip = exc_sp->handler;
                                // We don't need to do anything with sp, finally is just
                                // syntactic sugar for sequential execution??
                                // sp =
                                exc_sp--;
                                goto dispatch_loop;
                            }
                            exc_sp--;
                        }
                        nlr_pop();
                        *sp_in_out = sp;
                        assert(exc_sp == exc_stack - 1);
                        return MP_VM_RETURN_NORMAL;

                    case MP_BC_RAISE_VARARGS:
                        unum = *ip++;
                        assert(unum <= 1);
                        if (unum == 0) {
                            // search for the inner-most previous exception, to reraise it
                            obj1 = MP_OBJ_NULL;
                            for (mp_exc_stack_t *e = exc_sp; e >= exc_stack; e--) {
                                if (e->prev_exc != MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                                    obj1 = e->prev_exc;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                            if (obj1 == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                                nlr_raise(mp_obj_new_exception_msg(&mp_type_RuntimeError, "No active exception to reraise"));
                            }
                        } else {
                            obj1 = POP();
                        }
                        nlr_raise(mp_make_raise_obj(obj1));

                    case MP_BC_YIELD_VALUE:
yield:
                        nlr_pop();
                        *ip_in_out = ip;
                        *sp_in_out = sp;
                        *exc_sp_in_out = MP_TAGPTR_MAKE(exc_sp, currently_in_except_block);
                        return MP_VM_RETURN_YIELD;

                    case MP_BC_YIELD_FROM: {
//#define EXC_MATCH(exc, type) MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(exc, type)
#define EXC_MATCH(exc, type) mp_obj_exception_match(exc, type)
#define GENERATOR_EXIT_IF_NEEDED(t) if (t != MP_OBJ_NULL && EXC_MATCH(t, &mp_type_GeneratorExit)) { nlr_raise(t); }
                        mp_vm_return_kind_t ret_kind;
                        obj1 = POP();
                        mp_obj_t t_exc = MP_OBJ_NULL;
                        if (inject_exc != MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                            t_exc = inject_exc;
                            inject_exc = MP_OBJ_NULL;
                            ret_kind = mp_resume(TOP(), MP_OBJ_NULL, t_exc, &obj2);
                        } else {
                            ret_kind = mp_resume(TOP(), obj1, MP_OBJ_NULL, &obj2);
                        }

                        if (ret_kind == MP_VM_RETURN_YIELD) {
                            ip--;
                            PUSH(obj2);
                            goto yield;
                        }
                        if (ret_kind == MP_VM_RETURN_NORMAL) {
                            // Pop exhausted gen
                            sp--;
                            if (obj2 == MP_OBJ_NULL) {
                                // Optimize StopIteration
                                // TODO: get StopIteration's value
                                PUSH(mp_const_none);
                            } else {
                                PUSH(obj2);
                            }

                            // If we injected GeneratorExit downstream, then even
                            // if it was swallowed, we re-raise GeneratorExit
                            GENERATOR_EXIT_IF_NEEDED(t_exc);
                            break;
                        }
                        if (ret_kind == MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION) {
                            // Pop exhausted gen
                            sp--;
                            if (EXC_MATCH(obj2, &mp_type_StopIteration)) {
                                PUSH(mp_obj_exception_get_value(obj2));
                                // If we injected GeneratorExit downstream, then even
                                // if it was swallowed, we re-raise GeneratorExit
                                GENERATOR_EXIT_IF_NEEDED(t_exc);
                                break;
                            } else {
                                nlr_raise(obj2);
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    case MP_BC_IMPORT_NAME:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        obj1 = POP();
                        SET_TOP(mp_import_name(qst, obj1, TOP()));
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_IMPORT_FROM:
                        DECODE_QSTR;
                        obj1 = mp_import_from(TOP(), qst);
                        PUSH(obj1);
                        break;

                    case MP_BC_IMPORT_STAR:
                        mp_import_all(POP());
                        break;

                    default:
                        printf("code %p, byte code 0x%02x not implemented\n", ip, op);
                        obj1 = mp_obj_new_exception_msg(&mp_type_NotImplementedError, "byte code not implemented");
                        nlr_pop();
                        fastn[0] = obj1;
                        return MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION;
                }
            }

        } else {
            // exception occurred

            // check if it's a StopIteration within a for block
            if (*save_ip == MP_BC_FOR_ITER && mp_obj_is_subclass_fast(mp_obj_get_type(nlr.ret_val), &mp_type_StopIteration)) {
                ip = save_ip + 1;
                DECODE_ULABEL; // the jump offset if iteration finishes; for labels are always forward
                --sp; // pop the exhausted iterator
                ip += unum; // jump to after for-block
                goto outer_dispatch_loop; // continue with dispatch loop
            }

            // set file and line number that the exception occurred at
            // TODO: don't set traceback for exceptions re-raised by END_FINALLY.
            // But consider how to handle nested exceptions.
            // TODO need a better way of not adding traceback to constant objects (right now, just GeneratorExit_obj and MemoryError_obj)
            if (mp_obj_is_exception_instance(nlr.ret_val) && nlr.ret_val != &mp_const_GeneratorExit_obj && nlr.ret_val != &mp_const_MemoryError_obj) {
                machine_uint_t code_info_size = code_info[0] | (code_info[1] << 8) | (code_info[2] << 16) | (code_info[3] << 24);
                qstr source_file = code_info[4] | (code_info[5] << 8) | (code_info[6] << 16) | (code_info[7] << 24);
                qstr block_name = code_info[8] | (code_info[9] << 8) | (code_info[10] << 16) | (code_info[11] << 24);
                machine_uint_t source_line = 1;
                machine_uint_t bc = save_ip - code_info - code_info_size;
                //printf("find %lu %d %d\n", bc, code_info[12], code_info[13]);
                for (const byte* ci = code_info + 12; *ci && bc >= ((*ci) & 31); ci++) {
                    bc -= *ci & 31;
                    source_line += *ci >> 5;
                }
                mp_obj_exception_add_traceback(nlr.ret_val, source_file, source_line, block_name);
            }

            while (currently_in_except_block) {
                // nested exception

                assert(exc_sp >= exc_stack);

                // TODO make a proper message for nested exception
                // at the moment we are just raising the very last exception (the one that caused the nested exception)

                // move up to previous exception handler
                POP_EXC_BLOCK();
            }

            if (exc_sp >= exc_stack) {
                // set flag to indicate that we are now handling an exception
                currently_in_except_block = 1;

                // catch exception and pass to byte code
                sp = MP_TAGPTR_PTR(exc_sp->val_sp);
                ip = exc_sp->handler;
                // save this exception in the stack so it can be used in a reraise, if needed
                exc_sp->prev_exc = nlr.ret_val;
                // push(traceback, exc-val, exc-type)
                PUSH(mp_const_none);
                PUSH(nlr.ret_val);
                PUSH(mp_obj_get_type(nlr.ret_val));

            } else {
                // propagate exception to higher level
                // TODO what to do about ip and sp? they don't really make sense at this point
                fastn[0] = nlr.ret_val; // must put exception here because sp is invalid
                return MP_VM_RETURN_EXCEPTION;
            }
        }
    }
}