Prior to this commit a function compiled with the native decorator
@micropython.native would not work correctly when accessing global
variables, because the globals dict was not being set upon function entry.
This commit fixes this problem by, upon function entry, setting as the
current globals dict the globals dict context the function was defined
within, as per normal Python semantics, and as bytecode does. Upon
function exit the original globals dict is restored.
In order to restore the globals dict when an exception is raised the native
function must guard its internals with an nlr_push/nlr_pop pair. Because
this push/pop is relatively expensive, in both C stack usage for the
nlr_buf_t and CPU execution time, the implementation here optimises things
as much as possible. First, the compiler keeps track of whether a function
even needs to access global variables. Using this information the native
emitter then generates three different kinds of code:
1. no globals used, no exception handlers: no nlr handling code and no
setting of the globals dict.
2. globals used, no exception handlers: an nlr_buf_t is allocated on the
C stack but it is not used if the globals dict is unchanged, saving
execution time because nlr_push/nlr_pop don't need to run.
3. function has exception handlers, may use globals: an nlr_buf_t is
allocated and nlr_push/nlr_pop are always called.
In the end, native functions that don't access globals and don't have
exception handlers will run more efficiently than those that do.
Fixes issue #1573.
This patch adds full support for unwinding jumps to the native emitter.
This means that return/break/continue can be used in try-except,
try-finally and with statements. For code that doesn't use unwinding jumps
there is almost no overhead added to the generated code.
Prior to this patch, native code would use a full nlr_buf_t for each
exception handler (try-except, try-finally, with). For nested exception
handlers this would use a lot of C stack and be rather inefficient.
This patch changes how exceptions are handled in native code by setting up
only a single nlr_buf_t context for the entire function, and then manages a
state machine (using the PC) to work out which exception handler to run
when an exception is raised by an nlr_jump. This keeps the C stack usage
at a constant level regardless of the depth of Python exception blocks.
The patch also fixes an existing bug when local variables are written to
within an exception handler, then their value was incorrectly restored if
an exception was raised (since the nlr_jump would restore register values,
back to the point of the nlr_push).
And it also gets nested try-finally+with working with the viper emitter.
Broadly speaking, efficiency of executing native code that doesn't use
any exception blocks is unchanged, and emitted code size is only slightly
increased for such function. C stack usage of all native functions is
either equal or less than before. Emitted code size for native functions
that use exception blocks is increased by roughly 10% (due in part to
fixing of above-mentioned bugs).
But, most importantly, this patch allows to implement more Python features
in native code, like unwind jumps and yielding from within nested exception
blocks.
Without this patch, on 64-bit architectures the "1 << (small_int_bits - 1)"
is computed using only 32-bit values (since small_int_bits is a uint8_t)
and so will overflow (and give the wrong result) if small_int_bits is
larger than 32.
Before this patch the context manager's __aexit__() method would not be
executed if a return/break/continue statement was used to exit an async
with block. async with now has the same semantics as normal with.
The fix here applies purely to the compiler, and does not modify the
runtime at all. It might (eventually) be better to define new bytecode(s)
to handle async with (and maybe other async constructs) in a cleaner, more
efficient way.
One minor drawback with addressing this issue purely in the compiler is
that it wasn't possible to get 100% CPython semantics. The thing that is
different here to CPython is that the __aexit__ method is not looked up in
the context manager until it is needed, which is after the body of the
async with statement has executed. So if a context manager doesn't have
__aexit__ then CPython raises an exception before the async with is
executed, whereas uPy will raise it after it is executed. Note that
__aenter__ is looked up at the beginning in uPy because it needs to be
called straightaway, so if the context manager isn't a context manager then
it'll still raise an exception at the same location as CPython. The only
difference is if the context manager has the __aenter__ method but not the
__aexit__ method, then in that case uPy has different behaviour. But this
is a very minor, and acceptable, difference.
This patch combines the compiler optimisation code for double and triple
tuple-to-tuple assignment, taking it from two separate if-blocks to one
combined if-block. This can be done because the code for both of these
optimisations has a lot in common. Combining them together reduces code
size for ports that have the triple-tuple optimisation enabled (and doesn't
change code size for ports that have it disabled).
The technique of using alloca is how dotted import names are composed in
mp_import_from and mp_builtin___import__, so use the same technique in the
compiler. This puts less pressure on the heap (only the stack is used if
the qstr already exists, and if it doesn't exist then the standard qstr
block memory is used for the new qstr rather than a separate chunk of the
heap) and reduces overall code size.
Previous to this patch, a label with value "0" was used to indicate an
invalid label, but that meant a wasted word (at slot 0) in the array of
label offsets. This patch adjusts the label indices so the first one
starts at 0, and the maximum value indicates an invalid label.
This patch fixes a bug whereby the Python stack was not correctly reset if
there was a break/continue statement in the else black of an optimised
for-range loop.
For example, in the following code the "j" variable from the inner for loop
was not being popped off the Python stack:
for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
pass
else:
continue
This is now fixed with this patch.
In CPython 3.4 this raises a SyntaxError. In CPython 3.5+ having a
positional after * is allowed but uPy has the wrong semantics and passes
the arguments in the incorrect order. To prevent incorrect use of a
function going unnoticed it is important to raise the SyntaxError in uPy,
until the behaviour is fixed to follow CPython 3.5+.
This patch allows the following code to run without allocating on the heap:
super().foo(...)
Before this patch such a call would allocate a super object on the heap and
then load the foo method and call it right away. The super object is only
needed to perform the lookup of the method and not needed after that. This
patch makes an optimisation to allocate the super object on the C stack and
discard it right after use.
Changes in code size due to this patch are:
bare-arm: +128
minimal: +232
unix x64: +416
unix nanbox: +364
stmhal: +184
esp8266: +340
cc3200: +128
This patch refactors the handling of the special super() call within the
compiler. It removes the need for a global (to the compiler) state variable
which keeps track of whether the subject of an expression is super. The
handling of super() is now done entirely within one function, which makes
the compiler a bit cleaner and allows to easily add more optimisations to
super calls.
Changes to the code size are:
bare-arm: +12
minimal: +0
unix x64: +48
unix nanbox: -16
stmhal: +4
cc3200: +0
esp8266: -56
With this optimisation enabled the compiler optimises the if-else
expression within a return statement. The optimisation reduces bytecode
size by 2 bytes for each use of such a return-if-else statement. Since
such a statement is not often used, and costs bytes for the code, the
feature is disabled by default.
For example the following code:
def f(x):
return 1 if x else 2
compiles to this bytecode with the optimisation disabled (left column is
bytecode offset in bytes):
00 LOAD_FAST 0
01 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE 8
04 LOAD_CONST_SMALL_INT 1
05 JUMP 9
08 LOAD_CONST_SMALL_INT 2
09 RETURN_VALUE
and to this bytecode with the optimisation enabled:
00 LOAD_FAST 0
01 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE 6
04 LOAD_CONST_SMALL_INT 1
05 RETURN_VALUE
06 LOAD_CONST_SMALL_INT 2
07 RETURN_VALUE
So the JUMP to RETURN_VALUE is optimised and replaced by RETURN_VALUE,
saving 2 bytes and making the code a bit faster.
Otherwise the type of parse-node and its kind has to be re-extracted
multiple times. This optimisation reduces code size by a bit (16 bytes on
bare-arm).
With this patch all illegal assignments are reported as "can't assign to
expression". Before the patch there were special cases for a literal on
the LHS, and for augmented assignments (eg +=), but it seems a waste of
bytes (and there are lots of bytes used in error messages) to spend on
distinguishing such errors which a user will rarely encounter.
The self variable may be closed-over in the function, and in that case the
call to super() should load the contents of the closure cell using
LOAD_DEREF (before this patch it would just load the cell directly).
It improves readability of code and reduces the chance to make a mistake.
This patch also fixes a bug with nan-boxing builds by rounding up the
calculation of the new NSLOTS variable, giving the correct number of slots
(being 4) even if mp_obj_t is larger than the native machine size.
Previous to this patch any non-interned str/bytes objects would create a
special parse node that held a copy of the str/bytes data. Then in the
compiler this data would be turned into a str/bytes object. This actually
lead to 2 copies of the data, one in the parse node and one in the object.
The parse node's copy of the data would be freed at the end of the compile
stage but nevertheless it meant that the peak memory usage of the
parse/compile stage was higher than it needed to be (by an amount equal to
the number of bytes in all the non-interned str/bytes objects).
This patch changes the behaviour so that str/bytes objects are created
directly in the parser and the object stored in a const-object parse node
(which already exists for bignum, float and complex const objects). This
reduces peak RAM usage of the parse/compile stage, simplifies the parser
and compiler, and reduces code size by about 170 bytes on Thumb2 archs,
and by about 300 bytes on Xtensa archs.
It's much more efficient in RAM and code size to do implicit literal string
concatenation in the lexer, as opposed to the compiler.
RAM usage is reduced because the concatenation can be done right away in the
tokeniser by just accumulating the string/bytes literals into the lexer's
vstr. Prior to this patch adjacent strings/bytes would create a parse tree
(one node per string/bytes) and then in the compiler a whole new chunk of
memory was allocated to store the concatenated string, which used more than
double the memory compared to just accumulating in the lexer.
This patch also significantly reduces code size:
bare-arm: -204
minimal: -204
unix x64: -328
stmhal: -208
esp8266: -284
cc3200: -224
Grammar rules have 2 variants: ones that are attached to a specific
compile function which is called to compile that grammar node, and ones
that don't have a compile function and are instead just inspected to see
what form they take.
In the compiler there is a table of all grammar rules, with each entry
having a pointer to the associated compile function. Those rules with no
compile function have a null pointer. There are 120 such rules, so that's
120 words of essentially wasted code space.
By grouping together the compile vs no-compile rules we can put all the
no-compile rules at the end of the list of rules, and then we don't need
to store the null pointers. We just have a truncated table and it's
guaranteed that when indexing this table we only index the first half,
the half with populated pointers.
This patch implements such a grouping by having a specific macro for the
compile vs no-compile grammar rules (DEF_RULE vs DEF_RULE_NC). It saves
around 460 bytes of code on 32-bit archs.
This patch moves some common code from the individual inline assemblers to
the compiler, the code that calls the emit-glue to assign the machine code
to the functions scope.
This patch adds the MICROPY_EMIT_INLINE_XTENSA option, which, when
enabled, allows the @micropython.asm_xtensa decorator to be used.
The following opcodes are currently supported (ax is a register, a0-a15):
ret_n()
callx0(ax)
j(label)
jx(ax)
beqz(ax, label)
bnez(ax, label)
mov(ax, ay)
movi(ax, imm) # imm can be full 32-bit, uses l32r if needed
and_(ax, ay, az)
or_(ax, ay, az)
xor(ax, ay, az)
add(ax, ay, az)
sub(ax, ay, az)
mull(ax, ay, az)
l8ui(ax, ay, imm)
l16ui(ax, ay, imm)
l32i(ax, ay, imm)
s8i(ax, ay, imm)
s16i(ax, ay, imm)
s32i(ax, ay, imm)
l16si(ax, ay, imm)
addi(ax, ay, imm)
ball(ax, ay, label)
bany(ax, ay, label)
bbc(ax, ay, label)
bbs(ax, ay, label)
beq(ax, ay, label)
bge(ax, ay, label)
bgeu(ax, ay, label)
blt(ax, ay, label)
bnall(ax, ay, label)
bne(ax, ay, label)
bnone(ax, ay, label)
Upon entry to the assembly function the registers a0, a12, a13, a14 are
pushed to the stack and the stack pointer (a1) decreased by 16. Upon
exit, these registers and the stack pointer are restored, and ret.n is
executed to return to the caller (caller address is in a0).
Note that the ABI for the Xtensa emitters is non-windowing.
It is split into 2 functions, one to make small ints and the other to make
a non-small-int leaf node. This reduces code size by 32 bytes on
bare-arm, 64 bytes on unix (x64-64) and 144 bytes on stmhal.
When an exception is raised and is to be handled by the VM, it is stored
on the Python value stack so the bytecode can access it. CPython stores
3 objects on the stack for each exception: exc type, exc instance and
traceback. uPy followed this approach, but it turns out not to be
necessary. Instead, it is enough to store just the exception instance on
the Python value stack. The only place where the 3 values are needed
explicitly is for the __exit__ handler of a with-statement context, but
for these cases the 3 values can be extracted from the single exception
instance.
This patch removes the need to store 3 values on the stack, and instead
just stores the exception instance.
Code size is reduced by about 50-100 bytes, the compiler and VM are
slightly simpler, generate bytecode is smaller (by 2 bytes for each try
block), and the Python value stack is reduced in size for functions that
handle exceptions.
The 3 kinds of comprehensions are similar enough that merging their emit
functions reduces code size. Decreases in code size in bytes are:
bare-arm:24, minimal:96, unix(NDEBUG,x86-64):328, stmhal:80, esp8266:76.
They are sugar for marking function as generator, "yield from"
and pep492 python "semantically equivalents" respectively.
@dpgeorge was the original author of this patch, but @pohmelie made
changes to implement `async for` and `async with`.
Previous to this patch, the "**b" in "a**b" had its own parse node with
just one item (the "b"). Now, the "b" is just the last element of the
power parse-node. This saves (a tiny bit of) RAM when compiling.
This new compile-time option allows to make the bytecode compiler
configurable at runtime by setting the fields in the mp_dynamic_compiler
structure. By using this feature, the compiler can generate bytecode
that targets any MicroPython runtime/VM, regardless of the host and
target compile-time settings.
Options so far that fall under this dynamic setting are:
- maximum number of bits that a small int can hold;
- whether caching of lookups is used in the bytecode;
- whether to use unicode strings or not (lexer behaviour differs, and
therefore generated string constants differ).
Before this patch, (x+y)*z would be parsed to a tree that contained a
redundant identity parse node corresponding to the parenthesis. With
this patch such nodes are optimised away, which reduces memory
requirements for expressions with parenthesis, and simplifies the
compiler because it doesn't need to handle this identity case.
A parenthesis parse node is still needed for tuples.
MICROPY_ENABLE_COMPILER can be used to enable/disable the entire compiler,
which is useful when only loading of pre-compiled bytecode is supported.
It is enabled by default.
MICROPY_PY_BUILTINS_EVAL_EXEC controls support of eval and exec builtin
functions. By default they are only included if MICROPY_ENABLE_COMPILER
is enabled.
Disabling both options saves about 40k of code size on 32-bit x86.
To use, put the following in mpconfigport.h:
#define MICROPY_OBJ_REPR (MICROPY_OBJ_REPR_D)
#define MICROPY_FLOAT_IMPL (MICROPY_FLOAT_IMPL_DOUBLE)
typedef int64_t mp_int_t;
typedef uint64_t mp_uint_t;
#define UINT_FMT "%llu"
#define INT_FMT "%lld"
Currently does not work with native emitter enabled.
It makes much more sense to do constant folding in the parser while the
parse tree is being built. This eliminates the need to create parse
nodes that will just be folded away. The code is slightly simpler and a
bit smaller as well.
Constant folding now has a configuration option,
MICROPY_COMP_CONST_FOLDING, which is enabled by default.
Damien George
Alexander Steffen
Krzysztof Blazewicz
Ville Skyttä
pohmelie