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docs/esp8266/tutorial/ssd1306.rst
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.. _ssd1306:
Using a SSD1306 OLED display
============================
The SSD1306 OLED display uses either a SPI or I2C interface and comes in a variety of
sizes (128x64, 128x32, 72x40, 64x48) and colours (white, yellow, blue, yellow + blue).
Hardware SPI interface::
from machine import Pin, SPI
import ssd1306
hspi = SPI(1) # sck=14 (scl), mosi=13 (sda), miso=12 (unused)
dc = Pin(4) # data/command
rst = Pin(5) # reset
cs = Pin(15) # chip select, some modules do not have a pin for this
display = ssd1306.SSD1306_SPI(128, 64, hspi, dc, rst, cs)
Software SPI interface::
from machine import Pin, SoftSPI
import ssd1306
spi = SoftSPI(baudrate=500000, polarity=1, phase=0, sck=Pin(14), mosi=Pin(13), miso=Pin(12))
dc = Pin(4) # data/command
rst = Pin(5) # reset
cs = Pin(15) # chip select, some modules do not have a pin for this
display = ssd1306.SSD1306_SPI(128, 64, spi, dc, rst, cs)
I2C interface::
from machine import Pin, I2C
import ssd1306
# using default address 0x3C
i2c = I2C(sda=Pin(4), scl=Pin(5))
display = ssd1306.SSD1306_I2C(128, 64, i2c)
Print Hello World on the first line::
display.text('Hello, World!', 0, 0, 1)
display.show()
Basic functions::
display.poweroff() # power off the display, pixels persist in memory
display.poweron() # power on the display, pixels redrawn
display.contrast(0) # dim
display.contrast(255) # bright
display.invert(1) # display inverted
display.invert(0) # display normal
display.rotate(True) # rotate 180 degrees
display.rotate(False) # rotate 0 degrees
display.show() # write the contents of the FrameBuffer to display memory
Subclassing FrameBuffer provides support for graphics primitives::
display.fill(0) # fill entire screen with colour=0
display.pixel(0, 10) # get pixel at x=0, y=10
display.pixel(0, 10, 1) # set pixel at x=0, y=10 to colour=1
display.hline(0, 8, 4, 1) # draw horizontal line x=0, y=8, width=4, colour=1
display.vline(0, 8, 4, 1) # draw vertical line x=0, y=8, height=4, colour=1
display.line(0, 0, 127, 63, 1) # draw a line from 0,0 to 127,63
display.rect(10, 10, 107, 43, 1) # draw a rectangle outline 10,10 to 107,43, colour=1
display.fill_rect(10, 10, 107, 43, 1) # draw a solid rectangle 10,10 to 107,43, colour=1
display.text('Hello World', 0, 0, 1) # draw some text at x=0, y=0, colour=1
display.scroll(20, 0) # scroll 20 pixels to the right
# draw another FrameBuffer on top of the current one at the given coordinates
import framebuf
fbuf = framebuf.FrameBuffer(bytearray(8 * 8 * 1), 8, 8, framebuf.MONO_VLSB)
fbuf.line(0, 0, 7, 7, 1)
display.blit(fbuf, 10, 10, 0) # draw on top at x=10, y=10, key=0
display.show()
Draw the MicroPython logo and print some text::
display.fill(0)
display.fill_rect(0, 0, 32, 32, 1)
display.fill_rect(2, 2, 28, 28, 0)
display.vline(9, 8, 22, 1)
display.vline(16, 2, 22, 1)
display.vline(23, 8, 22, 1)
display.fill_rect(26, 24, 2, 4, 1)
display.text('MicroPython', 40, 0, 1)
display.text('SSD1306', 40, 12, 1)
display.text('OLED 128x64', 40, 24, 1)
display.show()

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docs/library/machine.PWM.rst
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.. currentmodule:: machine
.. _machine.PWM:
class PWM -- pulse width modulation
===================================
This class provides pulse width modulation output.
Example usage::
from machine import PWM
pwm = PWM(pin) # create a PWM object on a pin
pwm.duty_u16(32768) # set duty to 50%
# reinitialise with a period of 200us, duty of 5us
pwm.init(freq=5000, duty_ns=5000)
pwm.duty_ns(3000) # set pulse width to 3us
pwm.deinit()
Constructors
------------
.. class:: PWM(dest, \*, freq, duty_u16, duty_ns)
Construct and return a new PWM object using the following parameters:
- *dest* is the entity on which the PWM is output, which is usually a
:ref:`machine.Pin <machine.Pin>` object, but a port may allow other values,
like integers.
- *freq* should be an integer which sets the frequency in Hz for the
PWM cycle.
- *duty_u16* sets the duty cycle as a ratio ``duty_u16 / 65535``.
- *duty_ns* sets the pulse width in nanoseconds.
Setting *freq* may affect other PWM objects if the objects share the same
underlying PWM generator (this is hardware specific).
Only one of *duty_u16* and *duty_ns* should be specified at a time.
Methods
-------
.. method:: PWM.init(\*, freq, duty_u16, duty_ns)
Modify settings for the PWM object. See the above constructor for details
about the parameters.
.. method:: PWM.deinit()
Disable the PWM output.
.. method:: PWM.freq([value])
Get or set the current frequency of the PWM output.
With no arguments the frequency in Hz is returned.
With a single *value* argument the frequency is set to that value in Hz. The
method may raise a ``ValueError`` if the frequency is outside the valid range.
.. method:: PWM.duty_u16([value])
Get or set the current duty cycle of the PWM output, as an unsigned 16-bit
value in the range 0 to 65535 inclusive.
With no arguments the duty cycle is returned.
With a single *value* argument the duty cycle is set to that value, measured
as the ratio ``value / 65535``.
.. method:: PWM.duty_ns([value])
Get or set the current pulse width of the PWM output, as a value in nanoseconds.
With no arguments the pulse width in nanoseconds is returned.
With a single *value* argument the pulse width is set to that value.

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.. currentmodule:: rp2
.. _rp2.Flash:
class Flash -- access to built-in flash storage
===============================================
This class gives access to the SPI flash memory.
In most cases, to store persistent data on the device, you'll want to use a
higher-level abstraction, for example the filesystem via Python's standard file
API, but this interface is useful to :ref:`customise the filesystem
configuration <filesystem>` or implement a low-level storage system for your
application.
Constructors
------------
.. class:: Flash()
Gets the singleton object for accessing the SPI flash memory.
Methods
-------
.. method:: Flash.readblocks(block_num, buf)
Flash.readblocks(block_num, buf, offset)
.. method:: Flash.writeblocks(block_num, buf)
Flash.writeblocks(block_num, buf, offset)
.. method:: Flash.ioctl(cmd, arg)
These methods implement the simple and extended
:ref:`block protocol <block-device-interface>` defined by
:class:`uos.AbstractBlockDev`.

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.. currentmodule:: rp2
.. _rp2.PIO:
class PIO -- advanced PIO usage
===============================
The :class:`PIO` class gives access to an instance of the RP2040's PIO
(programmable I/O) interface.
The preferred way to interact with PIO is using :class:`rp2.StateMachine`, the
PIO class is for advanced use.
For assembling PIO programs, see :func:`rp2.asm_pio`.
Constructors
------------
.. class:: PIO(id)
Gets the PIO instance numbered *id*. The RP2040 has two PIO instances,
numbered 0 and 1.
Raises a ``ValueError`` if any other argument is provided.
Methods
-------
.. method:: PIO.add_program(program)
Add the *program* to the instruction memory of this PIO instance.
The amount of memory available for programs on each PIO instance is
limited. If there isn't enough space left in the PIO's program memory
this method will raise ``OSError(ENOMEM)``.
.. method:: PIO.remove_program([program])
Remove *program* from the instruction memory of this PIO instance.
If no program is provided, it removes all programs.
It is not an error to remove a program which has already been removed.
.. method:: PIO.state_machine(id, [program, ...])
Gets the state machine numbered *id*. On the RP2040, each PIO instance has
four state machines, numbered 0 to 3.
Optionally initialize it with a *program*: see `StateMachine.init`.
>>> rp2.PIO(1).state_machine(3)
StateMachine(7)
.. method:: PIO.irq(handler=None, trigger=IRQ_SM0|IRQ_SM1|IRQ_SM2|IRQ_SM3, hard=False)
Returns the IRQ object for this PIO instance.
MicroPython only uses IRQ 0 on each PIO instance. IRQ 1 is not available.
Optionally configure it.
Constants
---------
.. data:: PIO.IN_LOW
PIO.IN_HIGH
PIO.OUT_LOW
PIO.OUT_HIGH
These constants are used for the *out_init*, *set_init*, and *sideset_init*
arguments to `asm_pio`.
.. data:: PIO.SHIFT_LEFT
PIO.SHIFT_RIGHT
These constants are used for the *in_shiftdir* and *out_shiftdir* arguments
to `asm_pio` or `StateMachine.init`.
.. data:: PIO.JOIN_NONE
PIO.JOIN_TX
PIO.JOIN_RX
These constants are used for the *fifo_join* argument to `asm_pio`.
.. data:: PIO.IRQ_SM0
PIO.IRQ_SM1
PIO.IRQ_SM2
PIO.IRQ_SM3
These constants are used for the *trigger* argument to `PIO.irq`.

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.. currentmodule:: rp2
.. _rp2.StateMachine:
class StateMachine -- access to the RP2040's programmable I/O interface
=======================================================================
The :class:`StateMachine` class gives access to the RP2040's PIO (programmable
I/O) interface.
For assembling PIO programs, see :func:`rp2.asm_pio`.
Constructors
------------
.. class:: StateMachine(id, [program, ...])
Get the state machine numbered *id*. The RP2040 has two identical PIO
instances, each with 4 state machines: so there are 8 state machines in
total, numbered 0 to 7.
Optionally initialize it with the given program *program*: see
`StateMachine.init`.
Methods
-------
.. method:: StateMachine.init(program, freq=-1, *, in_base=None, out_base=None, set_base=None, jmp_pin=None, sideset_base=None, in_shiftdir=None, out_shiftdir=None, push_thresh=None, pull_thresh=None)
Configure the state machine instance to run the given *program*.
The program is added to the instruction memory of this PIO instance. If the
instruction memory already contains this program, then its offset is
re-used so as to save on instruction memory.
- *freq* is the frequency in Hz to run the state machine at. Defaults to
the system clock frequency.
The clock divider is computed as ``system clock frequency / freq``, so
there can be slight rounding errors.
The minimum possible clock divider is one 65536th of the system clock: so
at the default system clock frequency of 125MHz, the minimum value of
*freq* is ``1908``. To run state machines at slower frequencies, you'll
need to reduce the system clock speed with `machine.freq()`.
- *in_base* is the first pin to use for ``in()`` instructions.
- *out_base* is the first pin to use for ``out()`` instructions.
- *set_base* is the first pin to use for ``set()`` instructions.
- *jmp_pin* is the first pin to use for ``jmp(pin, ...)`` instructions.
- *sideset_base* is the first pin to use for side-setting.
- *in_shiftdir* is the direction the ISR will shift, either
`PIO.SHIFT_LEFT` or `PIO.SHIFT_RIGHT`.
- *out_shiftdir* is the direction the OSR will shift, either
`PIO.SHIFT_LEFT` or `PIO.SHIFT_RIGHT`.
- *push_thresh* is the threshold in bits before auto-push or conditional
re-pushing is triggered.
- *pull_thresh* is the threshold in bits before auto-push or conditional
re-pushing is triggered.
.. method:: StateMachine.active([value])
Gets or sets whether the state machine is currently running.
>>> sm.active()
True
>>> sm.active(0)
False
.. method:: StateMachine.restart()
Restarts the state machine and jumps to the beginning of the program.
This method clears the state machine's internal state using the RP2040's
``SM_RESTART`` register. This includes:
- input and output shift counters
- the contents of the input shift register
- the delay counter
- the waiting-on-IRQ state
- a stalled instruction run using `StateMachine.exec()`
.. method:: StateMachine.exec(instr)
Execute a single PIO instruction. Uses `asm_pio_encode` to encode the
instruction from the given string *instr*.
>>> sm.exec("set(0, 1)")
.. method:: StateMachine.get(buf=None, shift=0)
Pull a word from the state machine's RX FIFO.
If the FIFO is empty, it blocks until data arrives (i.e. the state machine
pushes a word).
The value is shifted right by *shift* bits before returning, i.e. the
return value is ``word >> shift``.
.. method:: StateMachine.put(value, shift=0)
Push a word onto the state machine's TX FIFO.
If the FIFO is full, it blocks until there is space (i.e. the state machine
pulls a word).
The value is first shifted left by *shift* bits, i.e. the state machine
receives ``value << shift``.
.. method:: StateMachine.rx_fifo()
Returns the number of words in the state machine's RX FIFO. A value of 0
indicates the FIFO is empty.
Useful for checking if data is waiting to be read, before calling
`StateMachine.get()`.
.. method:: StateMachine.tx_fifo()
Returns the number of words in the state machine's TX FIFO. A value of 0
indicates the FIFO is empty.
Useful for checking if there is space to push another word using
`StateMachine.put()`.
.. method:: StateMachine.irq(handler=None, trigger=0|1, hard=False)
Returns the IRQ object for the given StateMachine.
Optionally configure it.

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.. currentmodule:: rp2
:mod:`rp2` --- functionality specific to the RP2040
===================================================
.. module:: rp2
:synopsis: functionality specific to the RP2
The ``rp2`` module contains functions and classes specific to the RP2040, as
used in the Raspberry Pi Pico.
See the `RP2040 Python datasheet
<https://datasheets.raspberrypi.org/pico/raspberry-pi-pico-python-sdk.pdf>`_
for more information, and `pico-micropython-examples
<https://github.com/raspberrypi/pico-micropython-examples/tree/master/pio>`_
for example code.
PIO related functions
---------------------
The ``rp2`` module includes functions for assembling PIO programs.
For running PIO programs, see :class:`rp2.StateMachine`.
.. function:: asm_pio(*, out_init=None, set_init=None, sideset_init=None, in_shiftdir=0, out_shiftdir=0, autopush=False, autopull=False, push_thresh=32, pull_thresh=32, fifo_join=PIO.JOIN_NONE)
Assemble a PIO program.
The following parameters control the initial state of the GPIO pins, as one
of `PIO.IN_LOW`, `PIO.IN_HIGH`, `PIO.OUT_LOW` or `PIO.OUT_HIGH`. If the
program uses more than one pin, provide a tuple, e.g.
``out_init=(PIO.OUT_LOW, PIO.OUT_LOW)``.
- *out_init* configures the pins used for ``out()`` instructions.
- *set_init* configures the pins used for ``set()`` instructions. There can
be at most 5.
- *sideset_init* configures the pins used side-setting. There can be at
most 5.
The following parameters are used by default, but can be overridden in
`StateMachine.init()`:
- *in_shiftdir* is the default direction the ISR will shift, either
`PIO.SHIFT_LEFT` or `PIO.SHIFT_RIGHT`.
- *out_shiftdir* is the default direction the OSR will shift, either
`PIO.SHIFT_LEFT` or `PIO.SHIFT_RIGHT`.
- *push_thresh* is the threshold in bits before auto-push or conditional
re-pushing is triggered.
- *pull_thresh* is the threshold in bits before auto-push or conditional
re-pushing is triggered.
The remaining parameters are:
- *autopush* configures whether auto-push is enabled.
- *autopull* configures whether auto-pull is enabled.
- *fifo_join* configures whether the 4-word TX and RX FIFOs should be
combined into a single 8-word FIFO for one direction only. The options
are `PIO.JOIN_NONE`, `PIO.JOIN_RX` and `PIO.JOIN_TX`.
.. function:: asm_pio_encode(instr, sideset_count)
Assemble a single PIO instruction. You usually want to use `asm_pio()`
instead.
>>> rp2.asm_pio_encode("set(0, 1)", 0)
57345
.. class:: PIOASMError
This exception is raised from `asm_pio()` or `asm_pio_encode()` if there is
an error assembling a PIO program.
Classes
-------
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
rp2.Flash.rst
rp2.PIO.rst
rp2.StateMachine.rst

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.. _rp2_general:
General information about the RP2xxx port
=========================================
The rp2 port supports boards powered by the Raspberry Pi Foundation's RP2xxx
family of microcontrollers, most notably the Raspberry Pi Pico that employs
the RP2040.
Technical specifications and SoC datasheets
-------------------------------------------
Datasheets!
Short summary of tech specs!
Description of general structure of the port (it's built on top of the APIs
provided by the Raspberry Pi SDK).

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.. _rp2_quickref:
Quick reference for the RP2
===========================
.. image:: img/rpipico.jpg
:alt: Raspberry Pi Pico
:width: 640px
The Raspberry Pi Pico Development Board (image attribution: Raspberry Pi Foundation).
Below is a quick reference for Raspberry Pi RP2xxx boards. If it is your first time
working with this board it may be useful to get an overview of the microcontroller:
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
general.rst
tutorial/intro.rst
Installing MicroPython
----------------------
See the corresponding section of tutorial: :ref:`rp2_intro`. It also includes
a troubleshooting subsection.
General board control
---------------------
The MicroPython REPL is on the USB serial port.
Tab-completion is useful to find out what methods an object has.
Paste mode (ctrl-E) is useful to paste a large slab of Python code into
the REPL.
The :mod:`machine` module::
import machine
machine.freq() # get the current frequency of the CPU
machine.freq(240000000) # set the CPU frequency to 240 MHz
The :mod:`rp2` module::
import rp2
Delay and timing
----------------
Use the :mod:`time <utime>` module::
import time
time.sleep(1) # sleep for 1 second
time.sleep_ms(500) # sleep for 500 milliseconds
time.sleep_us(10) # sleep for 10 microseconds
start = time.ticks_ms() # get millisecond counter
delta = time.ticks_diff(time.ticks_ms(), start) # compute time difference
Timers
------
How do they work?
.. _rp2_Pins_and_GPIO:
Pins and GPIO
-------------
Use the :ref:`machine.Pin <machine.Pin>` class::
from machine import Pin
p0 = Pin(0, Pin.OUT) # create output pin on GPIO0
p0.on() # set pin to "on" (high) level
p0.off() # set pin to "off" (low) level
p0.value(1) # set pin to on/high
p2 = Pin(2, Pin.IN) # create input pin on GPIO2
print(p2.value()) # get value, 0 or 1
p4 = Pin(4, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP) # enable internal pull-up resistor
p5 = Pin(5, Pin.OUT, value=1) # set pin high on creation
UART (serial bus)
-----------------
See :ref:`machine.UART <machine.UART>`. ::
from machine import UART
uart1 = UART(1, baudrate=9600, tx=33, rx=32)
uart1.write('hello') # write 5 bytes
uart1.read(5) # read up to 5 bytes
PWM (pulse width modulation)
----------------------------
How does PWM work on the RPi RP2xxx?
Use the ``machine.PWM`` class::
from machine import Pin, PWM
pwm0 = PWM(Pin(0)) # create PWM object from a pin
pwm0.freq() # get current frequency
pwm0.freq(1000) # set frequency
pwm0.duty_u16() # get current duty cycle, range 0-65535
pwm0.duty_u16(200) # set duty cycle, range 0-65535
pwm0.deinit() # turn off PWM on the pin
ADC (analog to digital conversion)
----------------------------------
How does the ADC module work?
Use the :ref:`machine.ADC <machine.ADC>` class::
from machine import ADC
adc = ADC(Pin(32)) # create ADC object on ADC pin
adc.read_u16() # read value, 0-65535 across voltage range 0.0v - 3.3v
Software SPI bus
----------------
Software SPI (using bit-banging) works on all pins, and is accessed via the
:ref:`machine.SoftSPI <machine.SoftSPI>` class::
from machine import Pin, SoftSPI
# construct a SoftSPI bus on the given pins
# polarity is the idle state of SCK
# phase=0 means sample on the first edge of SCK, phase=1 means the second
spi = SoftSPI(baudrate=100000, polarity=1, phase=0, sck=Pin(0), mosi=Pin(2), miso=Pin(4))
spi.init(baudrate=200000) # set the baudrate
spi.read(10) # read 10 bytes on MISO
spi.read(10, 0xff) # read 10 bytes while outputting 0xff on MOSI
buf = bytearray(50) # create a buffer
spi.readinto(buf) # read into the given buffer (reads 50 bytes in this case)
spi.readinto(buf, 0xff) # read into the given buffer and output 0xff on MOSI
spi.write(b'12345') # write 5 bytes on MOSI
buf = bytearray(4) # create a buffer
spi.write_readinto(b'1234', buf) # write to MOSI and read from MISO into the buffer
spi.write_readinto(buf, buf) # write buf to MOSI and read MISO back into buf
.. Warning::
Currently *all* of ``sck``, ``mosi`` and ``miso`` *must* be specified when
initialising Software SPI.
Hardware SPI bus
----------------
Hardware SPI is accessed via the :ref:`machine.SPI <machine.SPI>` class and
has the same methods as software SPI above::
from machine import Pin, SPI
spi = SPI(1, 10000000)
spi = SPI(1, 10000000, sck=Pin(14), mosi=Pin(13), miso=Pin(12))
spi = SPI(2, baudrate=80000000, polarity=0, phase=0, bits=8, firstbit=0, sck=Pin(18), mosi=Pin(23), miso=Pin(19))
Software I2C bus
----------------
Software I2C (using bit-banging) works on all output-capable pins, and is
accessed via the :ref:`machine.SoftI2C <machine.SoftI2C>` class::
from machine import Pin, SoftI2C
i2c = SoftI2C(scl=Pin(5), sda=Pin(4), freq=100000)
i2c.scan() # scan for devices
i2c.readfrom(0x3a, 4) # read 4 bytes from device with address 0x3a
i2c.writeto(0x3a, '12') # write '12' to device with address 0x3a
buf = bytearray(10) # create a buffer with 10 bytes
i2c.writeto(0x3a, buf) # write the given buffer to the slave
Hardware I2C bus
----------------
The driver is accessed via the :ref:`machine.I2C <machine.I2C>` class and
has the same methods as software I2C above::
from machine import Pin, I2C
i2c = I2C(0)
i2c = I2C(1, scl=Pin(5), sda=Pin(4), freq=400000)
Real time clock (RTC)
---------------------
See :ref:`machine.RTC <machine.RTC>` ::
from machine import RTC
rtc = RTC()
rtc.datetime((2017, 8, 23, 1, 12, 48, 0, 0)) # set a specific date and time
rtc.datetime() # get date and time
WDT (Watchdog timer)
--------------------
Is there a watchdog timer?
See :ref:`machine.WDT <machine.WDT>`. ::
from machine import WDT
# enable the WDT with a timeout of 5s (1s is the minimum)
wdt = WDT(timeout=5000)
wdt.feed()
Deep-sleep mode
---------------
Is there deep-sleep support for the rp2?
The following code can be used to sleep, wake and check the reset cause::
import machine
# check if the device woke from a deep sleep
if machine.reset_cause() == machine.DEEPSLEEP_RESET:
print('woke from a deep sleep')
# put the device to sleep for 10 seconds
machine.deepsleep(10000)
OneWire driver
--------------
The OneWire driver is implemented in software and works on all pins::
from machine import Pin
import onewire
ow = onewire.OneWire(Pin(12)) # create a OneWire bus on GPIO12
ow.scan() # return a list of devices on the bus
ow.reset() # reset the bus
ow.readbyte() # read a byte
ow.writebyte(0x12) # write a byte on the bus
ow.write('123') # write bytes on the bus
ow.select_rom(b'12345678') # select a specific device by its ROM code
There is a specific driver for DS18S20 and DS18B20 devices::
import time, ds18x20
ds = ds18x20.DS18X20(ow)
roms = ds.scan()
ds.convert_temp()
time.sleep_ms(750)
for rom in roms:
print(ds.read_temp(rom))
Be sure to put a 4.7k pull-up resistor on the data line. Note that
the ``convert_temp()`` method must be called each time you want to
sample the temperature.
NeoPixel and APA106 driver
--------------------------
Use the ``neopixel`` and ``apa106`` modules::
from machine import Pin
from neopixel import NeoPixel
pin = Pin(0, Pin.OUT) # set GPIO0 to output to drive NeoPixels
np = NeoPixel(pin, 8) # create NeoPixel driver on GPIO0 for 8 pixels
np[0] = (255, 255, 255) # set the first pixel to white
np.write() # write data to all pixels
r, g, b = np[0] # get first pixel colour
The APA106 driver extends NeoPixel, but internally uses a different colour order::
from apa106 import APA106
ap = APA106(pin, 8)
r, g, b = ap[0]
APA102 (DotStar) uses a different driver as it has an additional clock pin.

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docs/rp2/tutorial/intro.rst
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.. _rp2_intro:
Getting started with MicroPython on the RP2xxx
==============================================
Let's get started!