docs/utime: Use markup adhering to the latest conventions.
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@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ Functions
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.. function:: sleep(seconds)
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.. function:: sleep(seconds)
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Sleep for the given number of seconds. Some boards may accept `seconds` as a
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Sleep for the given number of seconds. Some boards may accept *seconds* as a
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floating-point number to sleep for a fractional number of seconds. Note that
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floating-point number to sleep for a fractional number of seconds. Note that
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other boards may not accept a floating-point argument, for compatibility with
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other boards may not accept a floating-point argument, for compatibility with
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them use ``sleep_ms()`` and ``sleep_us()`` functions.
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them use `sleep_ms()` and `sleep_us()` functions.
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.. function:: sleep_ms(ms)
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.. function:: sleep_ms(ms)
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@ -73,30 +73,32 @@ Functions
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.. function:: ticks_ms()
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.. function:: ticks_ms()
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Returns an increasing millisecond counter with an arbitrary reference point, that
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Returns an increasing millisecond counter with an arbitrary reference point, that
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wraps around after some value. This value is not explicitly exposed, but we will
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wraps around after some value.
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refer to it as ``TICKS_MAX`` to simplify discussion. Period of the values is
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``TICKS_PERIOD = TICKS_MAX + 1``. ``TICKS_PERIOD`` is guaranteed to be a power of
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The wrap-around value is not explicitly exposed, but we will
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refer to it as *TICKS_MAX* to simplify discussion. Period of the values is
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*TICKS_PERIOD = TICKS_MAX + 1*. *TICKS_PERIOD* is guaranteed to be a power of
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two, but otherwise may differ from port to port. The same period value is used
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two, but otherwise may differ from port to port. The same period value is used
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for all of ``ticks_ms()``, ``ticks_us()``, ``ticks_cpu()`` functions (for
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for all of `ticks_ms()`, `ticks_us()`, `ticks_cpu()` functions (for
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simplicity). Thus, these functions will return a value in range [``0`` ..
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simplicity). Thus, these functions will return a value in range [*0* ..
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``TICKS_MAX``], inclusive, total ``TICKS_PERIOD`` values. Note that only
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*TICKS_MAX*], inclusive, total *TICKS_PERIOD* values. Note that only
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non-negative values are used. For the most part, you should treat values returned
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non-negative values are used. For the most part, you should treat values returned
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by these functions as opaque. The only operations available for them are
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by these functions as opaque. The only operations available for them are
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``ticks_diff()`` and ``ticks_add()`` functions described below.
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`ticks_diff()` and `ticks_add()` functions described below.
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Note: Performing standard mathematical operations (+, -) or relational
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Note: Performing standard mathematical operations (+, -) or relational
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operators (<, <=, >, >=) directly on these value will lead to invalid
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operators (<, <=, >, >=) directly on these value will lead to invalid
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result. Performing mathematical operations and then passing their results
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result. Performing mathematical operations and then passing their results
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as arguments to ``ticks_diff()`` or ``ticks_add()`` will also lead to
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as arguments to `ticks_diff()` or `ticks_add()` will also lead to
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invalid results from the latter functions.
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invalid results from the latter functions.
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.. function:: ticks_us()
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.. function:: ticks_us()
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Just like ``ticks_ms()`` above, but in microseconds.
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Just like `ticks_ms()` above, but in microseconds.
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.. function:: ticks_cpu()
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.. function:: ticks_cpu()
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Similar to ``ticks_ms()`` and ``ticks_us()``, but with the highest possible resolution
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Similar to `ticks_ms()` and `ticks_us()`, but with the highest possible resolution
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in the system. This is usually CPU clocks, and that's why the function is named that
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in the system. This is usually CPU clocks, and that's why the function is named that
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way. But it doesn't have to be a CPU clock, some other timing source available in a
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way. But it doesn't have to be a CPU clock, some other timing source available in a
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system (e.g. high-resolution timer) can be used instead. The exact timing unit
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system (e.g. high-resolution timer) can be used instead. The exact timing unit
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@ -111,13 +113,13 @@ Functions
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.. function:: ticks_add(ticks, delta)
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.. function:: ticks_add(ticks, delta)
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Offset ticks value by a given number, which can be either positive or negative.
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Offset ticks value by a given number, which can be either positive or negative.
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Given a ``ticks`` value, this function allows to calculate ticks value ``delta``
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Given a *ticks* value, this function allows to calculate ticks value *delta*
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ticks before or after it, following modular-arithmetic definition of tick values
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ticks before or after it, following modular-arithmetic definition of tick values
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(see ``ticks_ms()`` above). ``ticks`` parameter must be a direct result of call
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(see `ticks_ms()` above). *ticks* parameter must be a direct result of call
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to ``ticks_ms()``, ``ticks_us()``, or ``ticks_cpu()`` functions (or from previous
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to `ticks_ms()`, `ticks_us()`, or `ticks_cpu()` functions (or from previous
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call to ``ticks_add()``). However, ``delta`` can be an arbitrary integer number
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call to `ticks_add()`). However, *delta* can be an arbitrary integer number
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or numeric expression. ``ticks_add()`` is useful for calculating deadlines for
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or numeric expression. `ticks_add()` is useful for calculating deadlines for
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events/tasks. (Note: you must use ``ticks_diff()`` function to work with
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events/tasks. (Note: you must use `ticks_diff()` function to work with
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deadlines.)
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deadlines.)
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Examples::
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Examples::
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@ -136,23 +138,25 @@ Functions
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.. function:: ticks_diff(ticks1, ticks2)
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.. function:: ticks_diff(ticks1, ticks2)
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Measure ticks difference between values returned from ``ticks_ms()``, ``ticks_us()``,
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Measure ticks difference between values returned from `ticks_ms()`, `ticks_us()`,
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or ``ticks_cpu()`` functions. The argument order is the same as for subtraction
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or `ticks_cpu()` functions, as a signed value which may wrap around.
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The argument order is the same as for subtraction
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operator, ``ticks_diff(ticks1, ticks2)`` has the same meaning as ``ticks1 - ticks2``.
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operator, ``ticks_diff(ticks1, ticks2)`` has the same meaning as ``ticks1 - ticks2``.
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However, values returned by ``ticks_ms()``, etc. functions may wrap around, so
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However, values returned by `ticks_ms()`, etc. functions may wrap around, so
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directly using subtraction on them will produce incorrect result. That is why
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directly using subtraction on them will produce incorrect result. That is why
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``ticks_diff()`` is needed, it implements modular (or more specifically, ring)
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`ticks_diff()` is needed, it implements modular (or more specifically, ring)
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arithmetics to produce correct result even for wrap-around values (as long as they not
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arithmetics to produce correct result even for wrap-around values (as long as they not
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too distant inbetween, see below). The function returns **signed** value in the range
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too distant inbetween, see below). The function returns **signed** value in the range
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[``-TICKS_PERIOD/2`` .. ``TICKS_PERIOD/2-1``] (that's a typical range definition for
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[*-TICKS_PERIOD/2* .. *TICKS_PERIOD/2-1*] (that's a typical range definition for
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two's-complement signed binary integers). If the result is negative, it means that
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two's-complement signed binary integers). If the result is negative, it means that
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``ticks1`` occurred earlier in time than ``ticks2``. Otherwise, it means that
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*ticks1* occurred earlier in time than *ticks2*. Otherwise, it means that
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``ticks1`` occurred after ``ticks2``. This holds ``only`` if ``ticks1`` and ``ticks2``
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*ticks1* occurred after *ticks2*. This holds **only** if *ticks1* and *ticks2*
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are apart from each other for no more than ``TICKS_PERIOD/2-1`` ticks. If that does
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are apart from each other for no more than *TICKS_PERIOD/2-1* ticks. If that does
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not hold, incorrect result will be returned. Specifically, if two tick values are
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not hold, incorrect result will be returned. Specifically, if two tick values are
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apart for ``TICKS_PERIOD/2-1`` ticks, that value will be returned by the function.
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apart for *TICKS_PERIOD/2-1* ticks, that value will be returned by the function.
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However, if ``TICKS_PERIOD/2`` of real-time ticks has passed between them, the
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However, if *TICKS_PERIOD/2* of real-time ticks has passed between them, the
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function will return ``-TICKS_PERIOD/2`` instead, i.e. result value will wrap around
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function will return *-TICKS_PERIOD/2* instead, i.e. result value will wrap around
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to the negative range of possible values.
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to the negative range of possible values.
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Informal rationale of the constraints above: Suppose you are locked in a room with no
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Informal rationale of the constraints above: Suppose you are locked in a room with no
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@ -164,10 +168,10 @@ Functions
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behavior: don't let your application run any single task for too long. Run tasks
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behavior: don't let your application run any single task for too long. Run tasks
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in steps, and do time-keeping inbetween.
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in steps, and do time-keeping inbetween.
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``ticks_diff()`` is designed to accommodate various usage patterns, among them:
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`ticks_diff()` is designed to accommodate various usage patterns, among them:
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Polling with timeout. In this case, the order of events is known, and you will deal
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* Polling with timeout. In this case, the order of events is known, and you will deal
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only with positive results of ``ticks_diff()``::
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only with positive results of `ticks_diff()`::
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# Wait for GPIO pin to be asserted, but at most 500us
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# Wait for GPIO pin to be asserted, but at most 500us
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start = time.ticks_us()
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start = time.ticks_us()
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@ -175,8 +179,8 @@ Functions
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if time.ticks_diff(time.ticks_us(), start) > 500:
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if time.ticks_diff(time.ticks_us(), start) > 500:
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raise TimeoutError
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raise TimeoutError
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Scheduling events. In this case, ``ticks_diff()`` result may be negative
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* Scheduling events. In this case, `ticks_diff()` result may be negative
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if an event is overdue::
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if an event is overdue::
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# This code snippet is not optimized
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# This code snippet is not optimized
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now = time.ticks_ms()
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now = time.ticks_ms()
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@ -192,8 +196,8 @@ Functions
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print("Oops, running late, tell task to run faster!")
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print("Oops, running late, tell task to run faster!")
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task.run(run_faster=true)
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task.run(run_faster=true)
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Note: Do not pass ``time()`` values to ``ticks_diff()``, you should use
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Note: Do not pass `time()` values to `ticks_diff()`, you should use
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normal mathematical operations on them. But note that ``time()`` may (and will)
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normal mathematical operations on them. But note that `time()` may (and will)
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also overflow. This is known as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem .
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also overflow. This is known as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem .
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@ -205,8 +209,8 @@ Functions
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embedded boards without a battery-backed RTC, usually since power up or reset). If you
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embedded boards without a battery-backed RTC, usually since power up or reset). If you
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want to develop portable MicroPython application, you should not rely on this function
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want to develop portable MicroPython application, you should not rely on this function
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to provide higher than second precision. If you need higher precision, use
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to provide higher than second precision. If you need higher precision, use
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``ticks_ms()`` and ``ticks_us()`` functions, if you need calendar time,
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`ticks_ms()` and `ticks_us()` functions, if you need calendar time,
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``localtime()`` without an argument is a better choice.
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`localtime()` without an argument is a better choice.
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.. admonition:: Difference to CPython
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.. admonition:: Difference to CPython
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:class: attention
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:class: attention
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