examples/natmod: Add features4 as a class definition example.
Also provide a basic README.md for dynamic native modules. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Jim Mussared <jim.mussared@gmail.com>
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examples/natmod/README.md
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examples/natmod/README.md
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# Dynamic Native Modules
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Dynamic Native Modules are .mpy files that contain native machine code from a
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language other than Python. For more info see [the documentation]
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(https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/develop/natmod.html).
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This should not be confused with [User C Modules]
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(https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/develop/cmodules.html) which are a
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mechanism to add additional out-of-tree modules into the firmware build.
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## Examples
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This directory contains several examples of writing dynamic native modules, in
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two main categories:
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1. Feature examples.
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* `features0` - A module containing a single "factorial" function which
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demonstrates working with integers.
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* `features1` - A module that demonstrates some common tasks:
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- defining simple functions exposed to Python
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- defining local, helper C functions
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- defining constant integers and strings exposed to Python
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- getting and creating integer objects
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- creating Python lists
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- raising exceptions
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- allocating memory
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- BSS and constant data (rodata)
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- relocated pointers in rodata
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* `features2` - This is a hybrid module containing both Python and C code,
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and additionally the C code is spread over multiple files. It also
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demonstrates using floating point (only when the target supports
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hardware floating point).
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* `features3` - A module that shows how to use types, constant objects,
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and creating dictionary instances.
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* `features4` - A module that demonstrates how to define a class.
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2. Dynamic version of existing built-ins.
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This provides a way to add missing functionality to firmware that doesn't
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include certain built-in modules. See the `heapq`, `random`, `re`,
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`deflate`, `btree`, and `framebuf` directories.
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So for example, if your firmware was compiled with `MICROPY_PY_FRAMEBUF`
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disabled (e.g. to save flash space), then it would not include the
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`framebuf` module. The `framebuf` native module provides a way to add the
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`framebuf` module dynamically.
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The way these work is they define a dynamic native module which
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`#include`'s the original module and then does the necessary
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initialisation of the module's globals dict.
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## Build instructions
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To compile an example, you need to have the same toolchain available as
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required for your target port. e.g. `arm-none-eabi-gcc` for any ARM Cortex M
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target. See the port instructions for details.
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You also need to have the `pyelftools` Python package available, either via
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your system package manager or installed from PyPI in a virtual environment
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with `pip`.
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Each example provides a Makefile. You should specify the `ARCH` argument to
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make (one of x86, x64, armv6m, armv7m, xtensa, xtensawin):
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```
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$ cd features0
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$ make ARCH=armv7m
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$ mpremote cp features0.mpy :
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```
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examples/natmod/features4/Makefile
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examples/natmod/features4/Makefile
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# Location of top-level MicroPython directory
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MPY_DIR = ../../..
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# Name of module
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MOD = features4
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# Source files (.c or .py)
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SRC = features4.c
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# Architecture to build for (x86, x64, armv7m, xtensa, xtensawin)
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ARCH = x64
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# Include to get the rules for compiling and linking the module
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include $(MPY_DIR)/py/dynruntime.mk
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examples/natmod/features4/features4.c
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examples/natmod/features4/features4.c
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/*
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This example extends on features0 but demonstrates how to define a class.
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The Factorial class constructor takes an integer, and then the calculate
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method can be called to get the factorial.
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>>> import features4
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>>> f = features4.Factorial(4)
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>>> f.calculate()
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24
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*/
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// Include the header file to get access to the MicroPython API
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#include "py/dynruntime.h"
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// This is type(Factorial)
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mp_obj_full_type_t mp_type_factorial;
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// This is the internal state of a Factorial instance.
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typedef struct {
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mp_obj_base_t base;
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mp_int_t n;
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} mp_obj_factorial_t;
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// Essentially Factorial.__new__ (but also kind of __init__).
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// Takes a single argument (the number to find the factorial of)
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STATIC mp_obj_t factorial_make_new(const mp_obj_type_t *type, size_t n_args, size_t n_kw, const mp_obj_t *args_in) {
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mp_arg_check_num(n_args, n_kw, 1, 1, false);
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mp_obj_factorial_t *o = mp_obj_malloc(mp_obj_factorial_t, type);
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o->n = mp_obj_get_int(args_in[0]);
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return MP_OBJ_FROM_PTR(o);
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}
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STATIC mp_int_t factorial_helper(mp_int_t x) {
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if (x == 0) {
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return 1;
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}
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return x * factorial_helper(x - 1);
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}
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// Implements Factorial.calculate()
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STATIC mp_obj_t factorial_calculate(mp_obj_t self_in) {
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mp_obj_factorial_t *self = MP_OBJ_TO_PTR(self_in);
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return mp_obj_new_int(factorial_helper(self->n));
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}
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STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_FUN_OBJ_1(factorial_calculate_obj, factorial_calculate);
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// Locals dict for the Factorial type (will have a single method, calculate,
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// added in mpy_init).
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mp_map_elem_t factorial_locals_dict_table[1];
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STATIC MP_DEFINE_CONST_DICT(factorial_locals_dict, factorial_locals_dict_table);
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// This is the entry point and is called when the module is imported
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mp_obj_t mpy_init(mp_obj_fun_bc_t *self, size_t n_args, size_t n_kw, mp_obj_t *args) {
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// This must be first, it sets up the globals dict and other things
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MP_DYNRUNTIME_INIT_ENTRY
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// Initialise the type.
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mp_type_factorial.base.type = (void*)&mp_type_type;
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mp_type_factorial.flags = MP_TYPE_FLAG_NONE;
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mp_type_factorial.name = MP_QSTR_Factorial;
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MP_OBJ_TYPE_SET_SLOT(&mp_type_factorial, make_new, factorial_make_new, 0);
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factorial_locals_dict_table[0] = (mp_map_elem_t){ MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(MP_QSTR_calculate), MP_OBJ_FROM_PTR(&factorial_calculate_obj) };
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MP_OBJ_TYPE_SET_SLOT(&mp_type_factorial, locals_dict, (void*)&factorial_locals_dict, 1);
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// Make the Factorial type available on the module.
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mp_store_global(MP_QSTR_Factorial, MP_OBJ_FROM_PTR(&mp_type_factorial));
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// This must be last, it restores the globals dict
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MP_DYNRUNTIME_INIT_EXIT
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}
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make -C examples/natmod/features1 ARCH=$arch
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make -C examples/natmod/features2 ARCH=$arch
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make -C examples/natmod/features3 ARCH=$arch
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make -C examples/natmod/features4 ARCH=$arch
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make -C examples/natmod/btree ARCH=$arch
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make -C examples/natmod/deflate ARCH=$arch
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make -C examples/natmod/framebuf ARCH=$arch
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